Describe and evaluate any two theories in developmental psychology. (moral development.) The social Learning Theory states children’s behaviours can be influenced through ‘Observational learning’. Albert Bandura (1977, cited Gross 1996) believed that children of all ages developed a moral understanding of right and wrong by observing and imitating models that had a social connection to the child for example, parent, sibling or anyone the child may admire. However Jean Piaget (1932) believed that children’s moral development was based on the cognitive processes, and therefore conducted several studies to generate a better understanding of a child’s thought process and how that effected there moral judgment.
1. Explain the adaptive value of rough-and-tumble play and dominance hierarchies. 2. Cite examples of how language awareness fosters school-age children’s language progress 3. List some teaching practices that foster children’s achievement and some that undermine it.
In her essay “Kiddy Thinks,” Alison Gopnik discusses the importance of the cognitive development of children in the first few years of their life. She also attempts to break the traditional view that children, in their early stages, think quite differently than adults. Gopnik uses a logical standard of evaluation to provide information on the different stages children go through when developing important cognitive skills. She supports her information with a variety of experiments as a researcher, and personal experiences as a parent. Unfortunately, she concludes her essay with political and social issues, which weakens her argument as it drifts away from her purpose.
In an attempt to explore a fairly under researched subject, researchers Bigelow and La Gaipa looked at the differences in children’s understanding of friendship at various stages of development. They created a unique means of investigating the gradual changes in the understanding of friendship as children grow older. In doing so they helped to shed new light on the important role that friends play in children’s lives. In addition another researcher was also interested in this subject: William Corsaro. However, Corsaro was interested in how children talk to each other and believed that research on children’s friendships should focus on children’s individual understanding of the word ‘friend’.
On the other hand, if a psychologist would take a behavioral approach, which focuses on behavioral responses, followed by enjoyable consequences being enforced or strengthened. He might believe that Jake has not done well on his first exam and has not received the positive consequence of success, which made him feel anxious instead of happy. He would probably tell Jake to study and then take practice tests until he succeeds in all of the possible questions, so studying will bring about success and favorable consequences, reinforcing good study habits. Another psychologist who takes a cognitive approach, which focuses on how people remember, store, and use information, might suggest that Jake’s study habits need to be reevaluated. Jake may need to take a different approach to studying in order to remember and apply information learned correctly.
How do they influence current practice? Cognitive – Jean Piaget | Main points of theory Piaget’s theory is sometimes referred to as a “constructive approach” because he suggested that children constructed or built up their thoughts according to their experiences of the world around them. He uses the term ‘schema’ to refer to a child’s conclusions or thoughts. He felt that learning was ongoing process with children needing to adapt (hence Piaget’s term ‘adaption) | Explain how does this theory influence current practice? If a parent was expecting a baby and maybe the other child wasn’t happy about it, we as a setting we could do role play with the dolls making references to when you have a baby brother or sister you could help mummy, you can cuddle the baby etc.
Movement limitations may compromise children's abilities to communicate, interact, and explore their environments (Gallahue 1999). This strong connection between movement and other domains, especially cognitive development, was underscored by Piaget, who theorized that in the first 2 years of life, which he called the sensorimotor phase, motor actions in the environment provide the foundation for children's intelligence . For these reasons, we believe that early movement skills should be monitored to allow for early detection and intervention (Gallahue
It demonstrates the effect that discipline and parenting styles can have on a child. Social Learning Theory recognises children as being more engaged in their leaning and stresses the importance of role models, stating that children can learn by simply observing others. Constructivism somewhat downplays the role of social experiences in favour of biological influences and suggests that children are independent agents of their own learning, not overly influenced by parents and teachers. Finally, Social Constructivism argues that the key to learning and development lies in the social interaction with peer groups, rather than merely observing others. Behaviourists believe that the environment in which a
His interest in children’s cognitive processes developed when he started to notice that children of similar ages made the same kinds of mistakes on test questions. After in depth research, Piaget developed the stages of cognitive development theory. This revolved around the idea that unlike adults, thinking and mental development of children changes qualitatively with age (Passer & Smith, 2013). In order to understand Piaget’s theory, it is important to understand its fundamental principles. The first, Piaget referred to using the term ‘schema’.
• Evaluate different parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood. Include which parenting style you feel is most effective and why. • Discuss early childhood education and its influence on cognitive development. • Include at least two references. • Format your paper to APA standards.