Moral judgment is the ability to evaluate the righteousness of a hypothetical action while moral behavior refers to one’s ability to act moral in actual situations. (Muuss, 176) The reason this distinction is necessary is that Kohlberg’s works and the study done for this paper revolves specifically around the observation of moral judgment. Jean Piaget first developed a theory that moral judgment was created by two stages through his studying of children’s cognitive thinking. This work would be a foundation upon which Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, developed a theory that moral judgment could be subdivided into six identifiable stages of moral reasoning with three different levels. Kohlberg developed this theory from interviews with groups of young children and their responses to “moral stories”, which were then coded into Kohlberg’s stages.
The major areas of development include biological, cognitive and social and emotional development. Both of these psychologists were concerned with the study of understanding the area of cognitive development specifically in children and were considered to be constructivists. Constructivism is the theory in which “learners actively construct their own knowledge based upon the things they know now and have known in the past” (TFL resources, 2006). This essay will seek to compare and contrast the theories of psychologists Piaget and Vygotsky and will critically look at their theories to judge which aspects are appropriate for the long term. Jean Piaget focused his research on studying children and observing their thought processes.
Social-Cognitive Learning Theory: From Miller to Bandura and Beyond The Social-Cognitive learning theory is based off a collaboration of many psychologists work and ideas, it is based on the concepts that we learn (and gain our personalities) by watching how others react to their environment. The original concept originated from psychologists N.E Miller and J. Dollard in the early 1940’s. In the mid 1950’s American psychologist Julian Rotter drifted from the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism and wrote on social learning theories. In the 1960’s a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura, expanded on theories and became the leading architect of social cognitive theory (Santrock, 2011, p. 27). In 1941 N.E Miller and associate J. Dollard proposed that one could learn a behavior by observing that behavior in others.
In which he offered his hypothesis on attachment and its importance between mother and child. In the following chapters we will explore what exactly he is stating, what is mother love? When he talks about its importance on a ‘child’s mental health’, what assertions is he making and do others agree with him, do they accept his techniques and hypothesis? Bowlby’s report was controversial but it influenced changes within health care, social work and in parenting. His report was influenced by Lorenz’s (1935) ethological studies of imprinting and his subsequent theory that attachment was innate.
Bloom's Taxonomy was created in 1956 under educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom in order to encourage higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning). It is most often used when scheming educational, training, and learning processes. (Bloom, et al. 1956). The committee identified three domains of educational activities or learning (Bloom, et al.
Compare and contrast how content analysis and ethnographic research have been used to study children’s understanding of friendship. Defining the concept of friendship has caused many difficulties for psychologists. Friendship and our understanding of friendship changes through time, it can also mean something different from one individual to another. (Brownlow, 2012) Bigelow and La Gaipa, as cited in Brownlow (2012) pioneered research into the understanding of children’s friendships using content analysis to gather their research. William Corsaro (1985) as cited in Brownlow (2012) built on this study choosing ethnography as his method of research.
5. Identify and define child development principles, theories, and stages. 6. Apply a systems framework to examine the dynamics of the biophysical, affective, social, psychological, cultural, and cognitive domains of child development. Program Competencies Addressed in this Course: The following competencies are addressed in this course: * It is expected that this course will contribute to student competence to analyze and critique the range of social structures and systems such as health, legal, and economic that affect family
Relativism is the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood of one’s society culture or even one’s own individual values (Mosser, 2010). With that being said everyday a person from a culture conducts some kind of moral choice. That moral choice that he or she chooses may be viewed as right or wrong by other cultures. In the article, “Some Moral Minima” by Lenn E. Goodman there are views of four different aspects of morality and relativism and Goodman argues that certain things are just wrong. I will explore the challenges Goodman presents to relativism and provide my own thoughts on such universal moral requirements.
The core element is defined through an assumption of a mutual agreement of individuals binding as a group (Oyserman et al., 2002). The right or wrong becomes judgment in a social context with situational constraints and social roles in a group perceptional and causal reasoning approach (Oyserman et al., 2002). Otherwise, what is the social mean standard within the social group agreed upon by the majority of the individuals within the social group? Legal and Ethical Issues in Counseling Related to My Own Ethical and Moral Reasoning The law or legal system and ethics have been a controversial debate for centuries. The laws are defined by the majority of a society influence through ethical reasoning.
Period 2 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg came up with a theory about the development of children’s moral reasoning. In his theory, there are three levels and six stages of moral development. What children do to a certain extent for his or hers life is based upon their actions. Kohlberg classified these reasons according to levels of moral development. Kohlberg is a stage theorist.