(Rotman, 1977) Piaget continued to study the natural sciences and received his Ph.D. in Zoology from University of Neuchatel in 1918. After completing his course work, Piaget took part in research being conducted by Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet. Binet and Simon developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale, which later became known as the IQ test. Piaget was intrigued by the consistently wrong answers given by children. Jean Piaget was married in 1923 and his first child was born in 1925.
Maxwell began his undergraduate studies at Edinburgh University at age sixteen and entered graduate school at Cambridge University at age nineteen. After graduation, he was a fellow and professor at a variety of colleges in the United Kingdom. Maxwell was inducted as a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh when he was 25, and promoted to a Fellow of The Royal Society at age 30. After a fruitful career, James Maxwell passed away at the age of 48 of stomach cancer, which was oddly the same cause and timing of his mother’s death when Maxwell was eight years old (Forfar, 1995). Before we start talking about Maxwell’s Equations, let’s look back into history.
A summary of Alfred Adler’s Biography Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental process. In fact psychology is a very big field, and is filled with a lot of psychologists who have their own perspectives about how the human brain works. Alfred Adler a very outgoing, popular and an involved scholar, was born on February 7, 1870 in the suburbs of Vienna, had a very rough childhood, in which he couldn’t walk until the age of four and he was diagnosed with pneumonia that almost killed him. These horrific events inspired him to be a physician and they could be the reason behind his big achievements during his lifetime. Thus, Alfred Alder received his medical degree from the university of Vienna in 1895 and got married in 1897 to a Russian intellectual and social activist whom he met during his university years.
Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) went to medical school in Vienna – the world capital of medicine - in 1873. After studying for seven years to receive his doctorate degree, Freud spent three years as a resident physician in Vienna’s general hospital Allgemeine Krankenhaus where he spent five months of his time in the psychiatry department. Before his important theories the “psychological meaning of behavior was not itself considered important; behavior was only a set of symptoms to be studied in order to understand the structures of the brain.” (Gay) During his last part of residency Freud received a fund to study abroad to pursue his neurological studies. Four of those months were spent studying in Paris under neurologist Jean Martin Charcot where Frued first became interested in hysteria. Hysteria describes a state of mind with unmanageable fear or excess emotion.
Erik Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory. From the Beginning to the End of His Life Denise Tamanika Duggins July 15, 2010 Psychology ~ 344 Abstract Erik Erikson life began in Germany on June 15, 1902. Erikson life was very uncommon. His childhood was very confusing for him. He married and had children with one of his peers from Anna Freud Psychoanalytic Institute.
Before Benjamin Lust, a form of Naturopathy also can go back to 18th and 19th century. At that time, Natural healing system such included hydrotherapy, which was popular in Germany and nature cure was developed in Austria. (Ehrlich, 2011) A young Hungarian boy named, Ignatz von Prezley, invented iridology in the early 1800s. When he was 11 year old, he caught an owl and accidently he broke the owl’s leg. At that moment, he glared the owl’s eye and observed an iris of the owl.
But also in similarity with many of the major social movements, the sixty year spread of time between the fifties and 21st century was a time for great leaps forward in the naturalist movement. The beginnings of modern naturism originated in Germany in the early 20th century after several papers began to advocate for the cause of nudism and against the social ideas of shame and self-hate associated with being nude. (Aranda, 2005) During the 1920s, Germany also established the first true naturist colonies. (Aranda, 2005) Naturism in the United States, however, didn’t take wind until the late 1920s. Starting with Kurt Barthel’s family-oriented American League for Physical Culture (ALPC), the naturist movement began to slowly gain recognition.
In 1896 as director of the psychology department at the University of Pennsylvania; Lightner Wilmer (former student of Wilhelm Wundt), was responsible for the doors opening to the first psychology clinic (Compas & Gotlib, 2001). Wilmer inspiration began with assisting a young child who had difficulties with spelling; which ultimately is how he originated the first periodical in the field of psychology. It was through the opening of the psychology clinic that “clinical psychology” derived. By 1914, these clinics expanded throughout the United States. Clinical psychology is defined as “the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change” (Compas & Gotlib, 2001).
This paper will discuss the 8 psychosocial theories that Erikson made and will analyze the validity of each of the stages. Erik Erikson was born in 1932 at Frankfurt Germany to Danish parents. Under the direction of Anna Freud, the daughter of the late Sigmund Freud, he began to study psychoanalysis. After spending time traveling around Europe, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1933 and filled a position at Harvard Medical School as America’s first child analyst (Sharkey, 1997). In addition to working at Harvard Medical School, he also had a private practice in child psychoanalysis.
When he grew up he went to the University College Hospital and studied medicine. He received a Diploma in Public Health at Cambridge. After research in immunology, he developed an interest in homeopathy, and joined the laboratories of the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital in 1919. 1928, he began to work on his own remedies made from plants. He enjoyed working with plants and flowers so much that at age 40 he decided to give up his Harley Street practice.