Exploring the logic behind these theories, both philosophers make valid points about justice when it comes to property. Locke, however, presents a more applicable rationalization in recognizing that humans have an innate right to property and that God created the world in such a fashion that society can function only with unchangeable laws. Hume bases his theory off of personality and people’s natural relationships with one another. He understands that “sexual and familial affection forms the primordial or original relationships among persons… The natural concern men have for their families and their friends demands a more limited generosity or benevolence in dealing with others” (Cohon). Our inherent desires for goods combined with a moderate scarcity of availibity prompts greed.
Aquinas considered that by using our reason to reflect on our human nature we could discover our specific end purpose. Aquinas used the ideas of Aristotle and the Stoics as an underpinning for Natural Law saying- human beings have an essential rational nature given by God in order for us to live and flourish. Aristotle said even without knowledge of god, reason can discover the laws that lead to human flourishing. The Stoics said Natural Laws are universal and unchangeable and should be used to judge of particular societies. We use this is help us choose the right moral action is situations.
This difference of opinion flows through to their views on social contract and this essay will discuss this difference in theory as Locke is of the belief that government is necessary in order to preserve natural law, and on the contrary, Hobbes sees government as necessary in order to control natural law. Both Hobbes and Locke theorise that as the laws of nature do not afford sufficient security everyone has to rely on their own mental and physical strength to defend themselves so they enter into a social contract whereby an agreement by individuals results in the formation of the state or of organized society. The prime motive for the social contract is the desire for protection, but it does entail the surrendering of some or all personal liberties. Whilst Hobbes and Locke differ on different aspects of natural law and social contract, both agree that mutual consent through social contract
Second, John Locke’s father got John Locke into government. John Locke’s father also was supporting John Locke to be a minister. John Locke expressed views about nature of government while growing up. John Locke’s idea on nature of government was that he supported by democracy as a form of government including being with nature. John Locke believed that man could be trusted to govern.
Utilitarianism is the main idea that he uses to oppose the idea of specism. In order to support this view he brings in the ideas of philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Henry Sidgwick, further solidifying his argument for equal consideration. Singer aims his argument toward philosophers who suggest speciesism is a moral right. He specifically argues against philosophers such as William Frankena, Stanley Benn, and other Humanists who believe in the “intrinsic dignity of Human beings”.
Locke had a social contract which meant that people chose their own government as long as the government agrees to protect their natural rights. The government couldn’t violate the social contract because if they did, they could have overthrown the government. . Starting with the Declaration of Independence and continuing into the United States Constitution, Locke’s philosophy inspired many Americans to break away from the common, European institutions. Also he inspired other countries to do the same.
Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were two of the most politically influential men involved in building the new American government. They both agreed on creating a strong government, but disagreed on where the supreme power should be located. Hamilton wanted a strong central government, while Jefferson wanted strong state governments. Alexander Hamilton was a man who represented the Federalists. Some of his contributions consist of The Federalist Papers , the Report on Public Credit , and the creation of the national bank.
Q. What are the links between democracy, social justice and citizenship? Refer to the concept of substantive citizenship. The Marshallian definition of citizenship is the participation in civic, political and welfare institutions of modern society (Turner 1993, p.176). The Rawlsian concept of social justice can be broadly defined by its three constituent parts: what a person owes society, what people in that society owe each other and what society owes the people (Chenoweth & McAuliffe 2012, pp.41-42).
St. Augustine’s City of God The original sin plays a significant role in St. Augustine’s views on the natural law theory. Evil is considered contrary to nature and since God did not create man with evil in mind, before the Fall, men lived in harmony with natural law and enjoyed immortality and peace away from evil. After the Fall, however, men became mortal and vulnerable to evil. Men are separated in to two main groups by St. Augustine; those who chose to live by the
The first of which explains that men have a natural right to acquire and possess property; this argument is the most important to the overarching theme of his work. Locke’s overall political theory tells that men have inherent, natural rights in the state of nature, rights which are independent of larger society: they are life, liberty and property (¶124). Locke argues that despite the fact that God gave earth to mankind in common, men own their own bodies, including what we put into our bodies such as food and that which we make from our bodies, so “excludes the common right of other men” (¶27). The example of food actually becomes a cornerstone in Locke’s logic of natural property rights. Locke insists everyone is bound to preserve himself by reason, (¶6) such preservation requires the intake of food; therefore man is inclined to possess private property to preserve himself.