The world’s Muslims differ substantially not only in their religious views but also in their political and social orientation, including their conceptions of government, law, and human rights; their social agenda (in particular, women’s rights and the content of education); and their propensity for violence. The defining characteristics of the main tendencies in Islam are summarized in a typology that we apply on a region-by-region basis. This methodology allows for a more precise classification of groups and for comparisons across regions and allows us to identify in a systematic way the sectors with which the United States and its allies can find common ground to promote democracy and stability and counter the influence of extremist and violent groups. Having begun to lay the foundations for what could be called a “religio-political map,” we explore the main cleavages in the Muslim world, primarily those between the Sunni and Shi’a branches of Islam and between the Arab and the non-Arab Muslim worlds and those deriving from membership in subnational communities, tribes, and clans.
Foreign and Defense Policy Everest University Trina Harrison American National Government Instructor: Timothy Mozia July 5, 2014 Many ask to what extent the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy. This question holds a great deal of validity to where we are right now. In order to answer this question, we have to establish why this war on terrorism? Perhaps how it has been addressed is uniquely different from other engagements in U.S. Foreign Policy History. If it is to be believed, this particular war is uniquely different than prior involvements of the United States because of its dynamic nature.
Introduction This essay will be answering the question on the strengths and weaknesses of critical terrorism studies. An appropriate answer to the essay question will critically analyse CTS in order to find the strengths and weaknesses in the concept. It will also find ways in which the weaknesses could be turned into strengths. This essay will proceed as follows. The first section will be focusing on the general overview of critical terrorism studies and what the aims are with this sub-section of terrorism studies.
* Ideology Ideology is a system of concepts regarding how things ought to be organised. Teams of individuals could have competitive thoughts and ideations, this will cause conflict. An example of this can be the cold war, in which the USA and also the Soviet Union had competitive political and economic ideologies after the world war ll. * Politics This issue is split into two areas, International Politics and Internal Politics. International politics is engulfed with potential sources of war and conflict, like border disputes and disputes over territory, as shown within the current conflicts in India, Pakistan
Bin Laden has become the spectre haunting the West, the architect not just of 9/11 but of a worldwide assault on Western values and way of life. It is a myth that has helped fuel wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, destabilize Pakistan, reinforce autocracies in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Yemen and elsewhere, and erode rights and liberties, from the imposition of draconian domestic anti-terror laws to the obscenity of extraordinary rendition to the international affront that is Guantanamo Bay. Bin Laden’s legacy has not simply been the murderous ideology he has promoted or the wanton slaughter he has unleashed. It has also been the undermining in the West of those very values that the ‘war on terror’ supposedly seeks to defend. The real challenge to bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and its medieval, terror-laden theology, has come not from the West’s war on terror but from the Arab Spring, from the revolts that have shaken the region from Tunisia to Egypt to Yemen to Syria.
During the late 1700s and early 1800s, the different viewpoints over foreign relations in America became a controversy when it was believed that the wrong decision could lead to a loss of independence. The two major sides of the bitter disagreement were the federalist and the anti-federalists. The argument between the two factions became a bitter controversy, especially once the XYZ affair came into play. Both parties believed that if America formed an alliance with the wrong nation, that America would eventually be taken over and lose its independence. The federalist wanted to become allies with Britain, while the anti-federalist wanted to become allies with the French, who had helped them in the Revolutionary War.
Moore and Parker (2007, pps. 456-457) presents the reader with the article Controlling Irrational Fears After 9/11 which is an excellent of use of rhetoric in hiding premises and conclusions. The authors of the article provide a lot of arguments that use fallacies based on outrage and innuendo, which do not support many of the arguments that they make throughout. However, the authors do want to “influence our attitudes or beliefs,” (Moore and Parker, 2007, p. 117) which provides the basis for some argument exploration. Two primary arguments that are seen within the article are; 1) strategies currently used to fight terrorism are ineffective and; 2) the U.S. has over-reacted to terrorist attacks.
This book is a collection of learned essay by variety of authors and writers who view coercive diplomacy, which means to change the behavior of a nation or group of people by threat, limited use of military force. The studying cases of nations are Bosnia, Haiti, Iraq, Taiwan North Korea and many others. It provides information on trends in American relations with different states both present, past and future. Jett, Dennis C. Why American Foreign Policy Fails: Unsafe at Home and Despised Abroad. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
The United States of America has endless complexities when it comes to it’s national identity. Despite the fact that we like to think of our country to be driven by freedom and religion, there are many aspects of our national identity that contradict what we stand for as a nation. Immigration and education are two very contradictory aspects of national identity that some feel are a great threat to this country. Immigration is one issue that some can effectively argue is an aspect of national identity that can be of great concern to America. In a research symposium titled “Immigration and National Identity” edited by Gary M. Segura, a journalist from the University of Washington stated in his introduction, "The fight...over who is an American,
Choose a compelling response article that in your view raises some important issues. Identify this article and then discuss how it opposes, supports, and/or engages in some way the main claims made by El Fadl’s lead essay I felt that Sohail Hashmi’s essay A Conservative Legacy brought forth a very compelling and interesting stance that at the root and origin of the religion of Islam tolerance is central. Throughout Hashmi’s essay he supports Fadl point that the Quran does not only reject a theology of intolerance but rather states, “The Qur'an is a deep well from which Muslims may draw plentiful supplies of tolerance, pluralism, respect for diversity -- even doubt" (32). Hashmi elaborates further stating, “The Qur’an admonishes believers