Is the Nuclear Family Universal?

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A classic definition of a family was put forward by a functionalist sociologist, George Peter Murdock (1949) he stated that the family is a social group categorized by shared residence, economic teamwork and reproduction. Usually people would include a mother and father, siblings and any children. In addition to this some also consider close relatives such as grandparents, cousins, aunties and uncles as a part of their family as we are connected in what is in our DNA or families through marriage. This definition of the family by Murdock was based on a sample of 250 Societies with ranges of types. Not only did Murdock find a variety of family forms, he also claimed each had a basic structure containing of a husband, a wife and one or more children. Murdock believed the nuclear family was found in all societies and therefore was labelled a universal Social grouping. The first factor of Murdock’s nuclear family was that it should contain “common residence”. However contemporary households can sometimes be separated by prison or immigration restriction. Moreover, research by Kathleen Gough (1959) in the Nayar in southern India shows an example of a way in which this factor does not work in cross-cultural. The research showed that wives did not live with her husband in a residence who she married and instead husbands visited the wife on a regular basis, these husbands who were usually warriors would turn up at the wives house late at night but leave if another man had arrived first. To show that he was there, they would often leave their spear outside to mark his presence. Men could have a number of wives but Murdock did not define it as a family as the fathers did not live with their children. Both cross-cultural exceptions and contemporary households go against Murdock's factors because they do not fit the definition. Another factor of Murdock’s claims that each
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