These clients were rarely worried about tax implications because they were mostly not-for-profit or were granted tax-exempt status for managing retirement plans. In 1989, DFA decided to pursue high-net-worth individuals, in addition to institutions, as clients. However, because of the illiquid nature of many DFA holdings, DFA realized that direct accounts with individual investors would likely lead to intolerably high costs. Therefore, DFA offered investment services to individuals through a limited number of investment and accounting firms that acted as intermediaries known as registered investment advisors (RIAs). These RIAs helped DFA offer its high net worth investors the same low cost small and microcap investment vehicles, while making these investments relatively more liquid in the secondary market.
This case discusses the strategy of Dimensional Fund Advisors (DFA) whose investment philosophy particularly focused on research by Fama and French and Banz. They researched how small cap companies tend to outperform large cap companies over time. FDA also created an additional competitive advantage by created trading efficiencies to reduce transaction cost. a). Fama and French found that stocks with high betas did not have consistently higher returns than low-beta stocks and that a high book value to market value was the most important variable related to predicting high stock returns on small cap stocks.
In 2011 the current ratio was 1.86. By 2012, it decreased to 1.77 rating in the lower second quartile group in the industry. That said, Company G’s ability to repay its debt is consistent with showing a weakness from year to year based on the industry’s quartiles of 3.1 with a strong ability to cover liabilities 2.1 at the median to 1.4 stating a weakness. As such, this is an area of concern. 2.
(c) Listing a large firm's stock is often considered to be beneficial to stockholders because the increases in liquidity and reputation probably outweigh the additional costs to the firm. (d) Stockholders have the right to elect the firm's directors, who in turn select the officers who manage the business. If stockholders are dissatisfied with management's performance, an outside group may ask the stockholders to vote for it in an effort to take control of the business. This action is called a tender offer. (e) The announcement of a large issue of new stock could cause the stock price to fall.
The acquiring company's basis in the stock of the acquired company is equal to the basis that the shareholder's had in their stock. In order to satisfy the expenses of an acquisition, an acquiring company may use a combination of 2 for 3 stock-for-stock exchange with shareholders of the target company and a tender offer of cash. Where possible, grantees often take advantage of a stock-for-stock exchange, as they usually increase a grantee's ownership position and require no cash outlay. Non-employee shareholders argue that stock-for-stock option price satisfaction adds to the already high expense of granting employees options, as the employees end up not having to pay the option price, which can add up to be a significant amount of cash if all employees granted options take advantage of stock-for-stock
Q1) Which of the following statements is CORRECT, holding other things constant? (a) Firms whose assets are relatively liquid tend to have relatively low bankruptcy costs, hence they tend to use relatively little debt. (b) An increase in the personal tax rate is likely to increase the debt ratio of the average corporation. (c) If changes in the bankruptcy code make bankruptcy less costly to corporations, then this would likely reduce the debt ratio of the average corporation. (d) An increase in the company's degree of operating leverage is likely to encourage a company to use more debt in its capital structure.
The big financial-center banks that erivatives may have won a Nobel, but are they really a sell derivatives, moreover, may have an incentive to push a good idea? Companies have suffered huge losses trading product without clearly explaining the risks to a customer. in the type of derivative financial products whose invention was “You see a gap between the sophistication of Wall Street firms facilitated by the work of Fischer Black and the Nobelists. and the client firms,” notes Suresh M. Sundaresan of the Options and other derivatives—including futures, forwards Columbia University Graduate School of Business. “Because and swaps—are instruments for speculation as well as hedges bonuses on Wall Street are tied to transaction volume, this creagainst a drop in an asset’s value.
With these potential benefits, target companies will often agree to be purchased when they know they cannot survive alone. Here the issue is of financing the merger. A firm’s optimal capital structure is that mixture of debt and equity than minimizes its weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Since the after-tax cost of debt is lower than equity for many corporations. It turns out that, while debt reduces a company’s tax liability because interest payments are deductible expenses, increasing amounts of debt raise both the cost of equity capital and the interest rate on debt because of the increasing probability of bankruptcy.
b. Most sinking funds require the issuer to provide funds to a trustee, who holds the money so that it will be available to pay off bondholders when the bonds mature. c. A sinking fund provision makes a bond more risky to investors at the time of issuance. d. Sinking fund provisions never require companies to retire their debt; they only establish “targets” for the company to reduce its debt over time. e. If interest rates increase after a company has issued bonds with a sinking fund, the company will be less likely to buy bonds on the open market to meet its sinking fund obligation and more likely to call them in at the sinking fund call price.
Financiering 6012B0217 Financiering Case 2012/2013 Vraag 1 a) Excel regression (ongecorrigeerde beta) equity beta van ING: 1.972874 ASML: 1,002967 Ahold: 0,395736 b) We know that there is a linear relationship between the stock beta and its expected return. So, if there is fewer stock the security market line will be steeper so, the beta will be smaller. Vraag 2 ßu = ßa= (E/(D+E)) x ße Net debt: Interest Bearing Debt – Cash and Cash Equivalents ING: 47284/(1234038+47284) x 1,972874 = 0,07280 Debt: 1247110-13072=1234038 ASML: 2773908/(1456616+2773908) x 1,002967 = 0,65763 Debt: 3406450-1949834=1456616 Ahold: 5910/(6215+5910) x 0,395736 = 0,192891 Debt: 8815-2600=6215 Vraag 3 a) ASML has a higher asset beta because it participates in an market which develops faster, so it has a higher systematic risk. Ahold has a lot of more diversity on his business. Ahold can better spread his risk.