(Before 1800) The Benin kingdom (not to be confused with the modern Republic of Benin) was established before 1400, most likely in the 13th century, just west of the lower reaches of the Niger River in what is today Nigeria. According to oral tradition, the first king of the new dynasty was the grandson of a Yoruba king of Ile-Ife. Benin reached its greatest power and geographical extent in the 16th century. The kingdom’s vicissitudes and slow decline thereafter culminated in 1897, when the British burned and sacked the Benin palace and city. Benin City thrives today, however, and the palace, where the Benin king continues to live, has been partially rebuilt.
B. Resources a. Scholarly research Journals * Oniang'o, H. P. R. (2008). The Challenge of getting Africa onto the Global Map of Scholarly Publishing: The Case of AJFAND www. ajfand.
He variously styled himself as "the Brother Leader" and "Guide of the Revolution"; in 2008 a meeting of traditional African rulers bestowed on him the title "King of Kings. After seizing power in 1969, he abolished the Libyan Constitution of 1951. He established laws based on the political ideology] he had formulated, called the Third International Theory and published in The Green Book. After establishing the jamahiriya ("state of the masses") system in 1977, he officially stepped down from power and had since then held a largely symbolic role within the country's offical governance structure. Rising oil prices and extraction in Libya led to increasing revenues.
Regional Outline for: Sub-Saharan Africa | |8000 – 600 CE |600 – 1450 CE |1450-1750 CE |1750 – 1914 CE |1914 - Present | |Politics |Pharaoh/queen (living incarnation of |Kingship legitimized by Islam, |leaders cooperated with slave |Re-colonization of Africa; Sierra |Decolonization of Africa; attempt at | | |sun god), internal disorder, |‘People of The Book’, Bantu |traders; monarchy |Leone, Liberia ; coastal kingdoms |representative government; involved | | |invasions (900 BCE), irrigation |(stateless societies) | |ruled by warlords/merchants; |in WWII; renewed independence |
Nguema’s was overthrown when Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (Nguema’s nephew and the then Vice-Minister of the Armed Forces) overran him with the aide of his troops in 1979 (U.S. Department of State, 2011). It looked as though President Mbasogo had learned from his uncle’s mistakes, and for a while, Equatorial Guinea seemed to be on the rise. Human rights came to the forefront of Mbasogo’s presidency, as laws against abuse were signed into action. Although President Mbasogo has acted in favor of significant betterment of his country (including the reopening of schools, increased access to better healthcare, infrastructural improvements, religious freedom, and the abolishment of the single-party political system, the corruption of the Mbasogo family is vast, and human rights issues have continued to run rampant over President Mbasogo’s three consecutive (albeit rigged) seven-year terms (BBC, 2011). However, when precious oil reserves were discovered
Michael Podlogar History 2670 US, Africa and the Cold War 9/6/2010 Response Paper #1: Fanon, Nkrumah, and African Independence At first glance, Kwame Nkrumah and Frantz Fanon seem to be promoting very similar methods of decolonization in Africa. They both recognize that Western capitalists are continuing Africa’s dependence and oppressing the continent in order to extract maximum profits. However, upon further investigation, it becomes obvious that these two men endorsed separate schools of thought when it came to Africa’s future. Nkrumah foresaw Africa as an economic force equal to the West with the help of unity. Fanon studied the Western capitalists and came to the conclusion that their entire society was inherently non-African in nature.
When Obote found out, he tried to place Idi Amin under house arrest, but, when he failed, he demoted Idi Amin to a less significant rank. Soon after, when Obote was attending a meeting in Singapore, Idi Amin led a “coup d’état” (essentially a rebellion) and declared himself president. He also granted himself quite an extravagant title: “His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshall Al Hadji
This dissertation focuses on the reaction to colonialism from 1900 to 1964 in Northern Rhodesia. It will begin by giving a brief general historical review of colonialism in Africa, details of the racial attitudes of the British, then proceeds to discuss their respective political administration and finally the reaction of the natives to colonialism. Between the 1870s and 1900s, Africa faced heavy European imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military invasions, and eventual conquest and colonization. At the same time, African societies put up various forms of resistance against the attempt to colonize their countries and impose foreign domination. By the early twentieth century, however, much of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, had been colonized by European powers.
THE CONCEPT OF NEOCOLONIALISM Neocolonialism is a concept derived from colonialism; and there is some theoretical consensus concerning its development. Scholars in postcolonial studies like Robert Young, Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin agree that inspite of the looseness of the term, neocolonialism originated with Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first post-independence president. The term neocolonialism first saw widespread use, particularly in reference to Africa, soon after the process of decolonization which followed a struggle by many national independence movements in the colonies following World War II. Upon gaining independence, some national leaders and opposition groups argued that their countries were being subjected to a new form of colonialism, waged by the former colonial powers and other developed nations. Kwame Nkrumah, who in 1957 became leader of newly independent
These comprehensive sanctions episodes were implemented when President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was overthrown in a coup, and the UNSC did not have an alternative but to impose further international sanctions on the country after the military authorities refused to ensure an agreement to hand over power. These were mainly economic or travel bans as provided for in the UN Charter. The 1990s witnessed a proliferation of UN sanctions regimes, most often in the form of targeted sanctions within the context of an intrastate conflict, examples