International Trade Theories

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Introduction International trade allows for goods and services to be traded across borders around the globe. It gives consumers access to products that may not have been available before and is a process that encourages competition. There are three theories of competitive advantage that affect our employment decisions and communities. While these theories may be similar, they in fact, have clear differences that set them apart from one another. Theories of International Trade The first theory of international trade, mercantilism, suggests that it is in a countries best interest to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imports, (Hill, 2009). It was believed that doing this would allow a country to accumulate gold and silver. This accumulation of wealth would also increase reverence and power. There was however a flaw with this idea, which is known as a zero-sum game. A zero-sum game is where a gain by one country marks the loss of another, (Hill, 2009). Trade should be a positive-sum game or one in which all countries can profit. Absolute advantage theory says that in the production of a product when it is more proficient than any other country in producing it, a country has an absolute advantage over that product. In 1776, Adam Smith attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. According to him, countries should concentrate in the production of goods for which they have absolute advantage and trade for those they do not, (Hill, 2009). The basic idea of this theory is that a country should never produce goods that it can purchase at a lower price from another country. This allows multiple countries to benefit from trade by specializing in what they are good at, what they have an absolute advantage in. In 1817, David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory to the next step by exploring what might happen when one country has an absolute

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