Dr. Gardner developed his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Dr. Gardner developed this theory due to his belief that the “classical view of intelligence”, which was based solely on a person’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ), was extremely limited. Dr. Gardner believes that humans have several different methods of learning and that each of these methods are independent from one another. Although Dr. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences was initially developed in the field of psychology, it is viewed by some as a major contribution to the field of education. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences “The theory of multiple intelligences identifies eight intelligences: musical, bodily/kinesthetic (Such as the control over the body and movement that distinguishes great athletes and dancers), spatial (the use of mental maps), linguistic or verbal, logical/mathematical, naturalist, intraper- sonal (self-understanding), and interpersonal (social skills)” (Kowalski & Weston, 2009, p.279).
As the name implies, it uses the computer as a metaphor for explaining what intelligence is. Based on this metaphor, scientists made many attempts to figure out whether intelligence can be improved or not. They mainly focused on testing people’s cognitive competencies and thinking and problem-solving skills. However, this kind of studies is difficult to conduct because it requires long-term investment of research subjects. Most results of these attempts indicate that intelligence can be at least temporarily and partly improved.
However, it has no clear definition in which a mutual consensus has been agreed. Those definitions which have been offered forward have been developed to encompass many different aspects of what intelligence is, which is why it may seem there is so many different definitions. Jensen suggests that intelligence is a "general factor that runs through all types of different performances" in contrast to this thought, Anastasi (1992) suggests intelligence is "not a single unitary ability but rather a composite of several functions". These definitions represent two types of explicit theories that dominate thinking in intelligence research which will be discussed later in this essay. The way in which we perceive intelligence and what it means to us is often largely dependent on the culture we live in.
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Denise Mack PSY/300 General Psychology October 16, 2011 Professor Bowen Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is in contrast to the theory that intelligence is a single cognitive intelligence measured using the psychometric approach. Gardner’s theory is more personalized and customized making it a much broader view of intelligence. While there are many forms of intelligence included in his theory, Gardner focuses on eight specific areas. The Eight Intelligences Howard Gardner’s approach is to identify a person’s strengths to show what areas of intelligence they excel in rather than focus on how smart a person is. His eight areas of intelligence are as follows: musical, bodily/kinesthetic, spatial, linguistic or verbal, logical/mathematical, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.
Can intelligence change? To what extent is intelligence malleable? Extended Essay: Psychology Name: Candidate number: School: Nörre Gymnasium Word count: 37811 Abstract This essay investigated the research question: To what extent is intelligence malleable? It was necessary to start by presenting the debate on defining intelligence since there is not a complete consensus among psychologists, however, this paper accepted a definition which is generally accepted by respected psychologists; that ‘intelligence is the ability to deal with cognitive complexity’ (Gottfredson, 1998). In presenting and analysing empirical evidence such as Howe (1997) supporting the thesis that intelligence can, in fact, change under the right conditions and given enough time, a strong indication of malleability is provided.
Howard Gardner seven stages of intelligences Howard Gardner viewed intelligence as the ability to unscramble problems; he believed that psychometrics or IQ tests could not calculate a person’s intelligence. Howard Gardner supposed that every human being possesses different ways to learn and process information. He defines intelligence as the capacity to decipher problems and his theory states that learning is rooted within genetic sources. Gardner argues that there are particular sites in the brain, in control of these individual intelligences. These intelligences accompany each other and operate simultaneously which enables a person to develop skills and assist with solving problems.
Running Head: GARDNER INTELLIGENCE Howard Gardner Intelligence Paper Howard Gardner’s Intelligence Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences views intelligence as “an ability or set of abilities that is used to solve problems or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular cultural setting” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 279). Within Gardner’s theory exists eight different intelligences, each contributing to an individual’s ability to be personally successful in solving problems or solving culturally significant products (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Gardner believes there is no standard intelligence that an individual relies on for the capacity of problem solving, but several which collaboratively allow an individual to function. In addition Gardner views intelligence as having to do with more than just logical and linguistic abilities, but different types of intelligences which are also needed for practical problem solving (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Gardner’s eight intelligences help to explain in which ways individuals are intelligent opposed to the traditional view of how intelligent we are Kowalski & Westen, 2009).
With this theory in mind each of the eight intelligences would have to be tested. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence conflicts with the traditional IQ test because a person can have high intelligence in area and still display great skill at something despite having low intelligence in another area. For example, a person with high logical/mathematical may be a great accountant despite only having only average interpersonal intelligence. The traditional measures of IQ is bias leaning toward skills valued in technologically advanced societies, leaving the human history of musical, spatial, and bodily intelligences to more highly valued. Gardner’s view is that people have multiple intelligences because they have multiple neural modules (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, Chapter eight).
Evaluating Technology Integration September 23, 2013 Evaluating Technology Integration Technology is difficult to define like art or politics yet one way to assess technology is information and human understanding used to produce solution to practical problems (Hamel & Prahalad, 1993; Olsen et al., 2009; University of Phoenix, 2013). Technology has the capacity to translate the skill of a practitioner into something that could not exist without it, expanding on the realm of plausible intent (Olsen et al., 2009). There have been paradigm shifts regarding the impact of technology in the workplace as part of organizational structure, culture, behavior, strategy, etc (Heintze & Bretschneider, 2000; Lee, Chun Hung & Chadha, 1995; Peyman et al., 2011; Radovanovic & Savic, 2013). These paradigm shifts are caused by both internal and external factors that organizations must address as well as evolution of technology itself. Management theories, such as sociotechnical systems are a result of what is needed to improve and enhance the effect of technology in the workplace with respect to employees, employers, and consumers (Wolf, Finnie & Gibson, 2008).
Psychometric Testing Policy (sample) CONTENTS Page PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING ………………………………………………… 3 PREPARATION OF CANDIDATES ………………………………………………… 4 TEST ADMINISTRATION …………………………………………………………….5 FEEDBACK ……………………………………………………………………………. 6 BIAS, FAIRNESS & DISCRIMINATION …………………………………………… 9 CONFIDENTIALITY AND SECURITY …………………………………………… 10 LEGAL ISSUES ……………………………………………………………………….. 11 References …………………………………………………………………………….. 13 Appendix A …………………………………………………………………………… 14 Appendix B …………………………………………………………………………….. 16 PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Psychological tests provide powerful and reliable assistance in selecting, assessing, developing and counselling people at work, provided that they are properly chosen, administered, scored, and interpreted. Proper choice of test includes choosing an appropriate and psychometrically sound and validated test, which measures the required skill or attribute previously identified from a careful job analysis, at an appropriate level of difficulty, and reflecting the type of content found in the job. By implementing the selection procedures systematically and objectively, the process itself will help identify the best candidate for the job. Psychometric tests are used to • provide a standardised method for assessing and diagnosing individuals • provide such information more efficiently than most other methods of assessment (eg.