This may be because Black Prisoners often enter from impoverished backgrounds with higher rates of violent crimes; therefore “import “their cultural norms which condone violent behaviour. The other model of institutional aggression is the deprivation model. This claims that the characteristics of the prison itself is the reason rather than the prisoners. They argue that it is the experiences of imprisonment that causes extreme stress and frustration which in turns leads to violence. Sykes argues how the loss of freedom, heterosexual relationships, isolation and boredom leads inmates needing to engage in violence which is a reaction to the hurt they feel.
A lot of research into institutional aggression has focused on aggressive behaviour in prisons, and has led to the development of two theories: the importation model and the deprivation model. Phychologists have proposed two majour explanations for aggresion between prioners and Prisons. Interpersonal factors (Importation model) and Situational factors (Deprivation Model). The importation model (Irwin and Cressey, 1962) This explanation focuses on the personality characteristics that prison inmates take into the prison with them. For example inmates with values, attitudes, experiences, and social
RUNNING HEAD: THE ISSUES 1 The Issues of Overcrowding in Prisons By Barbarito Capote ENGL107-1203B English Composition 2 July 29, 2012 RUNNING HEAD: THE ISSUES 2 Outline: I. Intro a. Overcrowding in prisons a huge issue i. Not enough prisons to reduce overcrowding b. Solutions to prison overcrowding c. Prisons as an end result have suffered from overcrowding causing higher suicide rates as well as increased diseases, sharing of beds and toilets, etc. Because of this overcrowding of prisons is a big issue.
From self-reported data of sixty-eight prison officers drawn from a medium security committal prison for male offenders, findings of the present study indicate that according to several objective indicators, prison officers experience considerable stress on the job. Furthermore, the study revealed even though there are some concerns, such as safety, that might be more salient for prison officers than other professions, it is the broader organisation rather than the unique attributes of the job that exerted the greater influence on the level and sources of stress among prison officers in the present study. Significant predictors of stress reported by respondents included issues with management, safety concerns, work overload, compulsory overtime, work-family conflict and lack of proper facilities. Furthermore, based on the results it was suggested that reactions by prison officers to different stressors were found not only
1.1 Identify causes of conflict at work (12) According to a study by Bell and Hart in 2000 and 2002, there are 8 causes of conflict. Conflicting resources, conflicting styles, expectations, goals, pressures and roles, different personal values, and unpredictable policies. Poor management can cause conflict in the workplace. If the team don’t know the boundaries and goals, or if they are unclear of what job they are supposed to be doing, they will start to clash. I think this was the case in my workplace, due to naivety and lack of confidence.
Not only does overcrowding leave a lack of proper health care for all inmates, but also leaves unsanitary conditions in the prison. Richard Seiter states, “Inmates often complain about overcrowding and poor overall conditions of confinement (poor food, lack of satisfactory health care, unsanitary conditions) that can result from overcrowding or from simple neglect by prison officials” (p.463). Overcrowding leads to the sewers becoming overloaded. When the prison sewers and wastewater systems can result in the discharge of waste past the maximum capacity. This would result in sewage spills and environmental contamination.
Outline and evaluate research into institutional aggression (24 marks) A01 Institutional aggression refers to the violent behaviour that exists within a certain institution or group. It can refer to other sorts of collective violence between social groups, such as riots and intergroup conflicts. Institutions can be distinct entities, it can be schools, prisons or larger bodies such as the armed forces or police, and it could even represent a whole society. Institutional aggression can range from physical acts of violence, initiation rituals or even acts to destroy a national, racial or religious group (Rwandan Genocide) * Importation model (Irwin and Cressey 1962) – claims inmates who enter the prison with particular characteristics (Values, attitudes or experiences) are more likely to engage in interpersonal violence than other inmates. * According to this theory, interpersonal violence is not a product of the institution itself, but rather the characteristics of the individuals in the institution * Younger rather than older individuals are said to have a more difficult time adjusting in prisons and therefore are more likely to clash with other inmates – Adams 1981 * Research shown that black inmates when compared to white, are more likely to be associated with interpersonal violence – explanation is that black prisons enter the prisons from more impoverished communities with higher rates of violent crime – thus, import the violence due to cultural norms.
Outline and evaluate institutions as a cause of aggression Institutional aggression involves the behaviour of those who are serving in an institution; for example the police, military and terrorist groups. Explanations of institutional aggression are split up into two factors; situational factors and dispositional factors. Situation factors are present in social situations that can encourage individuals to display aggressive acts that they may not display normally. Dispositional explanations can be they show aggressive behaviours to; be respected, acceptance, or to gain substances such as drugs or alcohol. In the USA Wortley 2002 reported 26,000 prisoner assaults during 1995.
Introduction The problem with respect to overcrowding has tremendously affected the different states in the United States of America. Indeed, there are a number of issues that commonly arise as a result of prison overcrowding. These issues include the worsening of conditions in the prisons such as the decline of basic and sanitation services rendered to the inmates, the spread of diseases, increased stress levels amongst the members of the staff and the inmates as well and finally, the increased risk of violence and riots occurring within the different correctional institutions. The most important issue, however, pertains to the fact that prison overcrowding violates the right of the inmates against unreasonable punishment. It is in this respect that a number of solutions have been proposed to address the problem.
Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by management - the impact is usually critical to both the individuals and the business. Employees physical and mental health problems: o High stress; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) o Financial problems due to absence o Reduced self-esteem o Sleep and digestive disturbances o Increased depression/self-blame o Family tension and stress Kareem S. Al Tobgy Organizational behavior - ESLSCA 37C Impact on Organizations: Each of the individual consequences listed above can be very costly for the organization. Costs of bullying generally fall into three categories: o o o Replacing staff members that leave as a result of being bullied, cost of training new employees. Work effort being displaced as staff cope with bullying incidents (i.e., effort being directed away from work productivity and towards coping) Costs associated with investigations of ill treatment and potential legal