There are many models of enzymes, such as the lock and key model, which explores the structure of the enzyme and its ability to bind with a substrate molecule which is specific and complementary. There is also the induced fit model which explored the ability of enzyme molecules to change shape slightly enabling it to fit and bind to substrate molecules which must be complementary and specific. The importance of enzyme and substrate molecules to fit together, is the formation of the products which may enable many vital reactions to occur within cells and organisms. Enzymes are in important in digestion and the replication of DNA. Within digestion lactose within milk is broken down by the enzyme lactase, without lactose having a complimentary specific shape to it lactase enzyme, some people are lactose intolerant.
One of the subtopics of biology is fermentation. Fermentation was used between 7000 and 8000 years ago making beer, wine, and bread. The two beverages were also a symbolic way to distinguish social statues, the better your wine or beer was the higher you were in the society. Today we have all types of fermented foods from bread, coffee, pickles, beer, cheese,
Which include fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol. They are mostly made up of long chains of monomers. Which is also known as fatty acids. Proteins are polymers made from monomers called amino acids. Which are building blocks of life.
An example of shapes fitting together in biology is with enzymes and their substrates. Enzymes are very important for organisms, as they are biological catalysts, which can speed up the rate of reaction of a biological process. The enzyme does this by forming an enzyme substrate complex with the substrate. Each enzyme has a specific shape to one type of substrate and in order for the complex to form both the enzymes active site and the substrate need to be complementary. This is known as the lock and key model.
Some cells have more energy that others, your fat cells have lots more mitochondria because they store a lot of energy. Muscle cells have many mitochondria which allows them to respond quickly when needed. All living cells contain ribosomes, tiny organelles composed of 60% ribosomal RNA and 40% protein. ‘Ribosomes are mainly found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope as well as freely scattered throughout the cytoplasm’ Davidson, Jan,2005. The ribosomes serve as the protein production for the cell, and are
The Importance of Shapes Fitting Together in Cells and Organisms Lots of molecules in cells and organisms fit together with other molecules that have complimentary shapes in order to work and serve their purpose. An example of a type of molecule that does this is enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that speed up metabolic reactions, from the digestion of food to the synthesis of DNA, and so are very important. One of two models that demonstrate how enzymes work is the ‘lock and key’ model, in which the active site of an enzyme has a complimentary shape to a specific substrate and they fit together perfectly (like a key in a lock, hence the name) to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The other model is the ‘induced fit’ model, which describes the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex as a result of the enzyme’s active site adapting its shape to fit with the substrate (almost like a glove) to allow for
Outline the Function of the Main Cell Components Lysosome Contains powerful enzymes capable of digesting all major chemical components of living cells. Lysosome Contains powerful enzymes capable of digesting all major chemical components of living cells. Cytoplasm This is a semi-fluid material likened to a gel. It holds together the organelles, apart from the nucleus of the cell and supports the cells structure to make it possible for molecules to be transported. The cytoplasm is also where nutrients are absorbed and processed and is where many chemical reactions take place.
Chemistry PAT Question 1 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer with properties very similar to that of polypropylene, though has all the benefits that come with biopolymers. PHB was first introduced to the scientific community by the scientist Maurice Lemoigne in 1926. He noticed that to produce PHB you need particular micro-organisms such as Alcaligenes Eutrophus or Bacilius megaterium undergoing physiological stress in an apparatus such as an agar dish to allow the micro-organisms to multiply. In order to achieve this stress there is a restriction to the amount of nitrogen the micro-organisms can attain thereby altering its nutrition. This is quite an efficient method of production and the amount of the PHB polymer yielded is around 30-80% of the dry weight of the micro-organisms used.
The outer membrane is fairly smooth. But the inner membrane is highly intricate, forming folds called cristae. The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane's surface area. Mitochondria are cellular power plants because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. During the lab, we will not be able to see the mitochondria, so we completed an enzyme assay for succinate dehydrogenase to report the mitochondria.
rming properties Determining the Properties of an Enzyme Introduction The thousand of chemical reactions occurring in a cell each minute are not random events but are highly controlled by biological catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, the amount of energy necessary to trigger a reaction. In this lab we will mainly approach an enzyme called peroxidase, which is a large protein containing several hundred amino acids and has an iron ion located at its active site. The active site is the region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. When catalyst occurs this increases the role of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.