Indian Literature Essay

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CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN LITERATURE Sanskrit literature originated with an oral tradition that produced the Vedic holy texts, sometime after 1500 B.C. The Aryans, who came from Central Asia bringing their own Gods with them, memorized these sacred literatures, the Vedas, which means “Knowledge.” The oldest of these holy works is the Rig Veda- “the Veda of Praise” – a collection of 1017 hymns addressed to the various Gods of the Aryans. After the Rig Veda, came the Brahmanas, which codified the rituals and prayers of the Brahmins, the priests of the Aryans. The Brahmanas were followed by the Upanishads, which were discourses between teachers and pupils. Then came the Puranas, which were essentially the history of the Aryan race and its relationship with the gods. The two most famous Puranic epics are the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, which have since been used as the sources of countless literary works. The Mahabharata interwove ideas about cosmology, statecraft, philosophy and the science of war into its stories of the deeds of Gods and men. It was considered to be the longest poem in any language. The Ramayana simply recounted a sequence of heroic adventures, many of them with moral undertones. When Sanskrit grammar was evolved beginning about 400 B.C. , the literary works aimed to put in order all learning in the form of laws for the arts and sciences, called shastras, as well as poetry and stylized drama. Prior to this, the Indian constitution recognized several official languages. This resulted in the production of regional literature. Major writers such as Bhartrihari, and Mayura emerged when classical poetry reached its peak in the 7th century A.D. Kalidasa, one of the notable poets, is better known for his play Sakuntala. Modern Indian literature started with establishment of civil service training schools and printing presses early in the 19th
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