(Wolfe, 2000) Sucrose also known as table sugar breaks down to glucose and fructose naturally by the body. Glucose goes off to start in glycolysis. Fructose is broken down by and enzyme named fructokinase in the liver. Once fructokinase, the enzyme, and fructose, the substrate, attach at the enzymes active site then the product that is released is called fructose-1-phospate and the enzyme fructokinase is recycled back to start process all over. The second step in fructose metabolism is the breaking down of fructose-1-phospate by an enzyme called adolase B.
Chemistry PAT Question 1 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer with properties very similar to that of polypropylene, though has all the benefits that come with biopolymers. PHB was first introduced to the scientific community by the scientist Maurice Lemoigne in 1926. He noticed that to produce PHB you need particular micro-organisms such as Alcaligenes Eutrophus or Bacilius megaterium undergoing physiological stress in an apparatus such as an agar dish to allow the micro-organisms to multiply. In order to achieve this stress there is a restriction to the amount of nitrogen the micro-organisms can attain thereby altering its nutrition. This is quite an efficient method of production and the amount of the PHB polymer yielded is around 30-80% of the dry weight of the micro-organisms used.
It is composed mainly of water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. The cytoplasm helps to move materials around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste. Nucleus- Mitochondria- This image is from: http://plantcellbiology.masters.grkraj.org/html/Plant_Cellular_Structures3-Plasma_membrane.htm Date accessed: 12/12/14 This image is from: http://plantcellbiology.masters.grkraj.org/html/Plant_Cellular_Structures3-Plasma_membrane.htm Date
The enzymes responsible for the end stages of glucose oxidation are located on the cristae. Endoplasmic reticulum:
C.) Eukaryotic organelles are enclosed by lipid membranes. There are those that have double-membrane compartments such as chloroplast and mitochondria among others. Single-membrane compartment organelles include endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, Ribosomes do not have a membrane. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures, affect the function of his heart cells because lysosomal enzymes which are normally bound safely inside vesicles will digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles.
The specific substrate in this case that is acted by Aldolase B is fructose-1-phosphate. This is later converted into DHAP and glyceraldehyde. The product, once finished, will then enter the glycolysis cycle to form ATP (Hudon-Miller, 2012c). Role of Aldolase B in the Breakdown of Fructose Aldolase B is found mostly in the liver but can also be present at lower levels in the kidney and intestinal cells. It is involved in breaking down a simple sugar called fructose.
There are many models of enzymes, such as the lock and key model, which explores the structure of the enzyme and its ability to bind with a substrate molecule which is specific and complementary. There is also the induced fit model which explored the ability of enzyme molecules to change shape slightly enabling it to fit and bind to substrate molecules which must be complementary and specific. The importance of enzyme and substrate molecules to fit together, is the formation of the products which may enable many vital reactions to occur within cells and organisms. Enzymes are in important in digestion and the replication of DNA. Within digestion lactose within milk is broken down by the enzyme lactase, without lactose having a complimentary specific shape to it lactase enzyme, some people are lactose intolerant.
(PubmedHealth, 2009) Fructose 1 phosphate which is the substrate of Aldolase B is split by Aldolase. This splitting is done by the lock and key design because the fructose 1 phosphate fits into the aldolase. The lock and key model enables the molecules called substrates to go through chemical changes to form new substances called products. Substrates are what enzymes act upon. Each substrate fits into an area of the enzyme and is called active sites.
Nuclear envelope What genetic material is found in this part of the cell more than anywhere else in the cell? RNA C. Nucleolus D. Cytoplasm E. Mitochondria F. Lysosomes G. Endoplasmic Reticulum H. Golgi apparatus I. This part of the cell is reponsible for breaking down organic molecules. J. Ribosomes K. centrioles L. Chromatin What function do peroxisomes serve? Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymes, which primarily function together to rid the cell of toxic substances, and in particular, hydrogen peroxide (a common byproduct of cellular metabolism).
Introduction Aerobic cellular respiration is the basis of energy for most living organisms. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the fuel utilized for life. ATP is manufactured in a series of reactions that begin in the cytoplasm of the cell where glucose by the process of glycolysis is converted to pyruvate molecules. Pyruvates are then converted through an oxidative process to create acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is transported within the cell to the mitochondrion, a specialized organelle where acetyl-CoA converts into ATP.