Bowlby begun to explore this. Bowlby (as cited in Oates, 2005) was inspired by this previous ethological work and was interested in linking such findings with human development (Oates, 2005). Bowlby’s focus was children’s attachment during the critical period and the effect it has on later development. Bowlby was influenced by work of Winnicot. Winnicot’s (1953) work on mothers and infants demonstrated the important for mothers to be emotionally ready to be a ‘good enough mother’ by having tolerance of waiting out a child’s frustration and the confidence in providing satisfaction (Oates, 2005).
The diversity of social, emotional, and personal aspects of a child's life can have a fundamental influence on their development and social worlds as children and later on in adulthood (Ding., S, 2005). Parent and caregiver (especially mothers) relationships with their children have been explored by researchers extensively and ethological studies have provided support in understanding human development especially in regards to infants attachment and in predicting behaviours and personality later on in life. Research has developed since the focus was on mother-child influences and the interest in children's interactions with all relationships has increased (Littleton., K, and Meill., D, 2005). Harris (1998) and Pinker (2002) have argued that parental influences have been grossly exaggerated and that it is within peer groups that socialization occurs (Littleton et al, 2005). The focus of this essay is on peer-peer and sibling-sibling interaction in regards to the different contexts in which these relationships take place.
(Beith.K et al,Pg.2, Level 2 certificate for the Children and young people’s workforce, 2010, Heinemann, Harlow) When I work with children I communicate with children and young people to build relationships, verbal or non-verbal communication may be used to help children and young people feel welcome and valued, and to co-ordinate activities. Effective communication is required for children and young people to encourage positive behaviour and K.Beith states that practitioners will communicate “to give instructions to children so that they understand what is required of them in routines and activities, such as emergency practices and outings” (Beith.K et al,Pg.3, Level 2 certificate for the Children and young people’s workforce, 2010, Heinemann, Harlow) Early years practitioners communicate regularly with parents to build relationships and to share information. Communication between parents and practitioners can help the setting provide adequate care and provision for their children. Early years practitioners also communicate with parents to give them information about the setting
Discuss the learning theory explanation of attachment. (12 marks) Attachment is a deep emotional bond between the child and the principle caregiver. Attached infants will show a desire to be close to their primary caregiver (usually the biological mother). They’ll show distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. Learning Theory links attachment to pleasure.
Being attached to someone means that you have formed an emotional relationship to that person. This is important thorough out our lives but particularly important during the vulnerable period of infancy when babies rely on caregivers to meet their needs (Cardwell, Clark & Meldrum, 2003). Forming an attachment to a primary caregiver is an innate behaviour and insures survival of the infant. This essay will describe and evaluate Ainsworth’s (1970) Strange Situation procedure and will discuss the types of attachments infant form. The psychologist John Bowlby (1969) suggested that infant attachments influence their emotional development through an internal working model which acts as a template for future relationships.
This conditioning is how attachments form between the mother and the source of pleasure according to the learning theory. Operant conditioning is when the mother is a source of positive reinforcement (rewards). The mother is reinforced through the reward of having a happy baby. Harlow’s research contradicts the learning theory. He suggests that attachment is innate.
John Bowlby John Bowlby (1907 - 1990) was a psychoanalyst (like Freud) and believed that mental health and behavioural problems could be attributed to early childhood. Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive. Bowlby was very much influenced by ethological theory in general, but especially by Lorenz’s (1935) study of imprinting. Lornez showed that attachment was innate (in young ducklings) and therefore has a survival value. Bowlby believed that attachment behaviours are instinctive and will be activated by any conditions that seem to threaten the achievement of proximity, such as separation, insecurity and fear.
Babies show increased anxiety and restlessness when they are with unfamiliar people. The first and most important relationships serve as a child’s earliest lessons in forming close, emotional bonds. A primary caregiver can be another, a father, or any person close to the child to who they form a strong bond with. They can show emotions by crying for help, responds to parent’s smiles and voices, and gurgles in response to sounds around her, or smiling back when you smile at him/her. | Closely related to infants' emotional development is their social development; it's through relationships with caregivers and other people that children learn how to apply and use their emotions, expressions, and emotional understanding.
Those influential models include parents within the family, TV characters/commercials , friends, and school teachers which provide examples of behavior. By paying close attention to those models, children tend to encode their attitude and develop their behavioral habits . When a child copies a model’s behavior and the consequences are rewarding, it is believed that the child is likely to continue performing that behavior (McLeod, 2011). For this reason, parents with children were selected for this education session as they play a significant role in helping their children to make a positive behavioral change in learning it for themselves
This can affect planning as practitioners may have to think and plan activities for children where there is a possibility that positive and negative reinforcements can be put into action in the setting, for example; praising the child when they have achieved and giving children time outs think about what they have done ‘Skinner divided the consequences of actions into three groups; Positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers and punishments’ (Tassoni, P, et al, 2007: 84). Albert Bandura’s social learning theory states that he believed children’s; parents, family, friends and teachers should be powerful role models and figures for children to imitate, for example; behaving in a way that promotes acceptable behaviour in the setting. This can affect the planning and provision of learning opportunities for children in a setting as practitioners will have to plan activities and experiences for children that will enable them and will encourage them to socialise and communicate with other children and staff ‘In social learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational