1) Propylaeum- the entrance building of a sacred precinct, whether church or imperial palace. 2) Atrium- in early Christian, Byzantine, and medieval architecture, the forecourt of a church; as a rule enveloped by four colonnaded porticoes. 3) Narthex- the entrance hall or porch proceding the nave of a church. 4) Nave- the great central space in a church. In longitudinal churches, it extends from the entrance to the apse (or only to the crossing if the church has one) and is usually flanked by side aisles.
It has three main parts the entrance portico, the domed rotunda (vault), and the connection between the two (Parker, 2009). It was originally a temple for all pagan gods and converted into a church in 609 (Ermengem, 2013). The Portico consists of sixteen columns weighing 60 tons, each column supports a pediment with an inscription attributing the Pantheon to Marcus Agrippa. And the dome has an opening called the oculus which is the only source of light (Ermengem, 2013). In order to create this a circular trench for the rotunda’s foundation and a rectangular trench for the portico were dug, then lined with wood and layered with pozzolana cement.
There are two different pictures of the exterior and interior of Hagia Sophia on pages 156 Figure 7.4 and page 193 Figure 8.13in the book Experience Humanities by Roy T. Mathews, F. Dewitt Platt and Thomas F.X. Noble. The Hagia Sophia design constructed by combining three basilical plans with the dome plan design (Hagia Sophia: The Place of Holy Wisdom). The structure was based on Byzantine Empire with a combination of Early Greek and Roman style along with Asian/Oriental influences (Hagia Sophia: The Place of Holy Wisdom). The construction of the large dome was on a square base rather than having a vaulted roof (192).
It is the venue for legal proceedings and business transactions. The Basilica covers an area almost 5000 square metres. It is thought to have been constructed around 100 BC. This makes it the oldest surviving Basilica in Italy. The Macellum was first constructed in the 2nd century BC and was remodeled in the 1st century AD.
The first similarity one will notice about both of the monuments is that they are both located on the west bank of the Nile, in a region called the Necropolis. The Necropolis, which in Greek translates literally into the city of the dead was a separate place where the important people of ancient Egypt were buried. The tombs in the Necropolis were only to be visited by the family of the pharaohs and by the priests so they could continue to perform rituals. Being that they both in the Necropolis, this gives away that both the Stepped Pyramid and The Great Pyramids are examples of monumental funerary architecture. This meaning that they were both used to house the dead bodies of important figures and in this case, like most, the buried were deceased pharaohs.
The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt c. 3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. [1] With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture and many aspects of religion, took shape during the Early Dynastic period.
Although, the Doric style was mainly used in mainland Greece and the Ionic style was used in the Islands and colonies to the east. The main structure of the temple was built by either marmaros (marble) or poros (limestone), the roof was made with marmaros or terracotta tiles. The temples could be decorated by carving figures into the stone, either on the columns or around the edges of the temple. Slabs at the top of the temple were carved in relief (the figures stood out from the surface of the stone). There were often little statues on top of the roof, sometimes flowers or figures.
Ionic was found more in eastern Greece and the islands. An example of Ionic columns would be the temple of Erechtheum built on the acropolis of Athens. The last order is Corinthian, which had a very decorative capital designed with acanthus leaves. It was rarely found in Greek architecture, but was used more by the Romans. The oldest known example of the Corinthian order is the temple of Apollo at Bassae.
The pyramids were usually placed on the western side of the Nile because the pharaoh's soul was meant to join with the sun disc during its descent before continuing with the sun in its eternal round. Finer quality limestone composed the outer layer of the pyramids, giving them a white sheen that could be seen from miles away. The capstone was usually made of granite, basalt, or another very hard stone and could be plated with gold, silver or electrum, an alloy of gold and silver, and would also be highly reflective in the bright sun. The pyramid blocks were hewn from quarries using stone and copper tools. There are examples of each stage of block extraction at existing ancient quarries.
Another example of the Golden Ratio occurs in Egyption Pyramids. Ancient Egyptions used the Golden Ratio to build their pyramids. The pyramids show one of the first examples of using the golden ratio in architecture. The pyramids have a square base, where the length of each side was about 230 meters. The height of the pyramids is about 146 meters.