Durkheim sees anomie as responsible for the world’s disorder of economics- the lack of morality and regulation resulted in overpowering the weak; thus, he feels that only norms can prevent the abuse of power and calls for regulation and equal opportunity from birth- the greater the equal opportunity the less need for restraint. Marx looked at how capitalism separated humanity by making work a simple means of individual existence. In addition he describes society in terms of class and economic conflicts. Marx saw proletariat or people of a working class as being underneath the bourgeoisie or the capitalist of a modern society. Marx looked at how alienation of production of commodities by workers also leads to alienation of social life.
Smith was the first economist who developed a theory about surplus value. Regarding Ricardo, him focus his work in develop the Labour Theory of Value where established that the value of commodities are according to the hours of work necessary to produce it. According to Marx, the approaches of both classical political were incomplete. This was due to the assertion from both that the human labour was the only one that adds value. However, Marx in Wage Labour and Capital demonstrate the surplus value which is appropriate by the capitalist in order to grow his capital.
It wasn’t until shortly after his death that Karl Marx’s ideology began to significantly influence socialist movements. Although relatively unknown during his lifetime he has become one of the fundamental economic and sociological figures of the modern era. Many of his theories and insights into the way society functions are still relevant in the expanding capitalist society that exists today. Marx was very critical of capitalism and the division in society between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes, attempting to highlight the injustice and exploitation of the working class by the wealthy upper and middle class. Marx predicted that capitalism within a socioeconomic system would inevitably create internal tensions between social classes leading to its demise and replacement by a new system, communism.
As the essay title states John Fiske argues that popular culture lies not in the production of commodities so much as the productive use of industrial commodities. What is meant by this is that popular culture produced upon the constant and active use of it by its consumers. He dismissed the idea that it is imposed from above on a helpless passive mass, which is what the Frankfurt School and other mass culture theorists suggest. In his book Understanding Popular Culture, Fiske states, ‘culture is a living active process, it cannot be imposed from without or above’ (Fiske, 1996, pp.23). Here Fiske is claiming that there are two economies, the financial economy which revolves around the commodity and is only really concerned with the exchange value of the product, and the cultural economy, where the audience actively take an interest in finding meanings and pleasure within the product.
Marxism is a conflict perspective based on the ideas of Karl Marx. This conflict theory does not share the functionalist view that society is built on harmony and success. It sees society divided into to two opposed classes, one of which exploit the labour of the other. In a capitalist society the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariats. Marxist believe the conventional families are the foundations of capitalism it does this in many way; Private property inheritance, Marxists believe that all functions of the family are performed purely for the benefit of the capitalist system.
Classical economics was widely considered to be founded by Adam Smith in the late 18th century, in his book The Wealth of Nations. (Classical Economics) Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and moral philosopher, The Wealth of Nations was his magnum opus, it laid the foundation of classical economics. The book was a collection of how a nation accumulates wealth; it focused on free markets, the division of labour, and productivity. (The Wealth of Nations) David Ricardo, one of the most influential classical economist in history, was a British businessman and economist. He believed in the concept of comparative advantage, the idea of nations to specialize in specific industries and trade with other nations for products not produced nationally.
Religious and other sentimental excuses for unity are second to economic relations. Feudal society ranked people on their possessions, those at the bottom have no possessions. People soon realized that trade creates wealth and even enemy countries begin trading with each other because the creation of wealth is more important than religious or political differences. When production method changes, it also changes the people’s
Karl Marx co-wrote with Friedrich Engels The German Ideology and the Communist Manifesto. In these two books, Marx discusses his ideas on Revolution. Marx considers history as important to understanding how revolution can happened. He believes historical stages can be predicted because there are scientific laws that govern the progress of history. Marx believes he has discovered these laws.
Write an essay on young Marx with special reference to his concept of ‘alienation’ and ‘freedom’. “The philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point is to change it” - Karl Marx (Theses on Feuerbach, Thesis 11) Karl Marx is notably one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western Political Philosophy who had a deep impact in guiding the contours of the modern world. Apart from his deeply philosophical early works, his later writings establish a link with contemporary philosophical debates, especially in the philosophy of history and the social sciences, and in moral and political philosophy. Karl Marx is known not only as a philosopher but also as a revolutionary communist, whose works inspired the foundation of many communist regimes in the twentieth century. In the context of Marx’s writings, scholars speak of two Marx: the young and the old.
When it comes to economics, Adam Smith and David Ricardo were two of the most influential writers in history. They both are credited with publishing the basic theories on why nations should trade openly with each other and abandon any mercantilism doctrine they might hold. The theories of these two men were paramount in kick-starting the system of international trading we use today. Adam Smith In 1776, Adam Smith’s published his most important book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, more commonly known as “The Wealth of Nations.” In this document Smith was credited with being the first to accurately describe capitalism. However, at the time, the term capitalism had not yet been created, and it was referred to by Smith as “a system of perfect liberty.” In addition to capitalism, Smith also outlined the theory of Absolute Advantage in “The Wealth of Nations.” Simply put, this theory states that a nation should concentrate its resources on the commodities that it can produce more efficiently than any other country.