Hancock began his political career in Boston as a protégé of Samuel Adams, an influential local politician, though the two men later became estranged. Hancock was elected as moderator at a Boston town meeting that resolved that anyone who supported the Tea Act was an "Enemy to America". Hancock and others tried to force the resignation of the agents who had been appointed to receive the tea shipments. Hancock was at the fateful meeting on December 16, where he reportedly told the crowd, "Let every man do what is right in his own eyes." Hancock did not take part in the Boston Tea Party
He feared criticism and sat on his work until 1704; where he then published it as an appendix to his book on Optiks. Oddly enough he began his fight with Leibniz long before he published anything. Leibniz wrote his calculus around 1673, and he used the notation we still use today -- derivatives expressed as dy/dx etc... He also sat on his work for a long period of time this is where the initial bout between the 2 originates. In the book Philosophers At War, Rupert Hall goes over the heated debate between Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton over the development of early calculus during that time period.
Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 but was as famous as any of the others by the time he died on January 8, 1642. In the 17th century, Galileo was the central figure of the scientific revolution. Galileo’s study in physics, philosophy, and astronomy arouse debate over the next 360 years after his death. When he was born, there was no such thing as “science”, however by the time he passed, science was well on its way to becoming a whole philosophical arrangement. In 1572, Galileo and his family relocated to Florence.
Simon Stevin was an influential mathematician and engineer with a broad range of interests. He offered new insights and discoveries in the development of decimal numbers and the laws of inclines, gravity, hydrostatics, and fortification. Although Stevin never earned the same lasting reputation as Galileo or Isaac Newton, his contributions to the advancement of mathematical theory are noteworthy. Stevin began publishing his writings on mathematics while still a student. In 1582 he employed a printing shop in Antwerp to produce Tables of Interest, which outlined the rules for computing interest and provided tables for understanding discounts and annuities.
This city was known as Peter’s “window to the west” because it opened up many trading routes with other countries. Peter “The Great” died in St. Petersburg in 1725. He is buried at the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Peter “The Great” is the most responsible monarch for “westernizing” Russia. He made several different reforms to give more power to the central government and the Tsar, he promoted military, and he improved the Russian economy.
During this revolution, there were many great philosophers who made incredible contributions to science and changed the way people look at the world around them. Polish priest and astronomer Nicloaus Copernicus published his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres which assumed that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun instead of the previous belief which said all the planets and the sun revolved around the earth. Galileo Galilei used the first telescope and concluded that the “heavens” were more complex than anyone had suspected. He saw mountains
The specific issue here is if there is a conflict between religion and science. In the last two hundred years science and theology have traveled their different paths. Science has been regularized by professionalization which grants it greater authority. Theological activity has become diffused by decreased ability to professionalize theologians: with a loss of status and authority (Levinson, 2006). There have been many conflicts during the centuries between religion and science.
But the most important contribution Descartes made were his philosophical writings; Descartes, who was convinced that science and mathematics could be used to explain everything in nature, was the first to describe the physical universe in terms of matter and motion, seeing the universe as a giant mathematically designed engine. Descartes wrote three important texts: Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, Meditations on First Philosophy, and Principles of Philosophy. René Descartes had always been a frail individual, and he would usually spend most of his mornings in bed, where he did most of his thinking, fresh from dreams in which he often had his revelations. In his later years, Descartes had to relocate to Sweden to tutor Queen Christina in philosophy.
It was not until the sciences of astronomy, optics, and mechanics — the exact sciences, known as the “middle sciences” to Aristotle and his followers in the late Middle Ages — became fully integrated with natural philosophy in the seventeenth century that early modern science emerged. Although the process of integration began in the Middle Ages, it accelerated rapidly in the seventeenth century. The importance of the union between the exact sciences and natural philosophy was truly significant. Other societies that at one time had well-developed mathematics and astronomy, but failed to generate, and maintain, a well-developed natural philosophy, eventually saw their mathematical sciences fade away. A prime example is the civilization of Islam.2 In what follows, I shall focus on two basic issues that are most relevant to natural philosophy and should be of great interest to historians of science.
Other examples that they recorded included $13^2=5^2+12^2$ and even $8161^2=4961^2+6480^2$. One of the great intellectual masterpieces of the ancient Greek world was Diophantus' {\sl Arithmetic}. This work, available in Latin translation in the seveteenth century, was an important inspiration for the scientific renaissance of that period, read by Fermat, Descartes, Newton and others. Fermat, a jurist from Toulouse, studied mathematics as a hobby. He didn't formally publish his work but rather disseminated his ideas in letters, challenging