In a secret meeting in Plombieres between Cavour and Napoleon III in summer 1858, it was agreed that a joint war against Austria would take place. In return for this war, Italy would gain from Austria the possession of Lombardy, Venetia, as well as the duchies of Parma and Modena. France would regain Savoy and Nice from Italy. If the war was to be successful for the French and Italians, Italy would take control of the regions that have been for so long controlled by Austria. Back in Italian possession would be a major step to Unification.
When Italy intervened into ww1 it was divided there were two camps. Giolitti who opposed Italy joining the war and Salandra who was prime minister during 1914-1916 and he lead the campaign for Italy to go to war. In the end Salandra won the campaign only because he got the approval of the king. Normally a country goes into war undivided then as the war goes on becomes divided however Italy went into the war divided which lead to further instability and weakness in the liberal state. During the war Italy lost a decisive battle at Caporetto at this battle 300,000 men were captured and they lost 160km.
While the sale of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed, fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when, in 1801, Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans. Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana, which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere. [8] Though Jefferson urged moderation, Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France. Undercutting them, Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with Britain, although relations were uneasy in that direction. [8] In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion.
During the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria began to get more involved in fighting for land and territory yet to be claimed. They battled the French over many parts of Spanish Hapsburg and gained a small part. Also during this time they won over the Austrian Netherlands. Emperor Charles VI ruled Austria from 1711- 1740, and towards the end of his reign began to give up many gains the country had in the previous war. The Emperor did this to secure the Pragmatic Sanction that his daughter would be the heir to his throne.
How significant was Mazzini in the growth of opposition to autocratic and foreign rule in Italy in the years 1831–49? (30) Mazzini was a republican nationalist who had a significant effect in the growth of anti-autocratic feeling in Italy. He had radical aims for the future of Italy and he envisioned unification. He was the first leader to indoctrinate in the minds of Italians a vision of political unification. Mazzini created the Young Italy society after the 1831 revolutions.
The other outcome, had the south won, was the aid of European countries such as Britain or France. Both Britain and France saw the possibility of the south becoming its own nation and would do anything to help. Antietam was a test for the south to prove if they were capable of becoming their own nation. When they lost Britain and France withdrew aid saying the south was not worth their effort. The Battle of Antietam was a battle that would determine who would come out on top in the war.
So they could join forces and take over france together Why was it important for England to have good relations with the Netherlands? For their wool trade Who took control of the Netherlands in 1519? Charles the 5th Who had a traditional claim of the Italian states? Maximillian What were henry viii foreign policy aims? Take over france, regain repect and glory and be the centre of European affairs Why was spain an obvious choice for henry viii to ally with?
France longed to avenge its defeat in Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck signed treaties with other powered thinking they wouldn’t attack Germany alone. Emerged to triple alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary. In 1914, Germany, Austria-Hungary fought on same side- became known as central powers. Rival bloc took shape when France and Russia formed alliance by signing an entente (nonbinding agreement to follow common policies led to close military and diplomatic ties). Britain signed similar agreement with Russia.
He had claimed that he was the brains of the unification as well as the diplomat by saying, “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule…. We want to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.” (Document 3) Due to the Italians being so separated because it was also partially ruled by Austria, the people of Italy eventually came together and freed the North and South, therefore uniting Italy into one nation. Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was known as the “sword” of Italian unification, helped Italy’s unification in the South, by using his “Red Shirts”. Giuseppe Garibaldi stated, “O noble Thousand! I love to remember you!
Prior to his taking of Abyssinia, Mussolini’s foreign policy seemed to differ greatly from Hitler’s, for example in 1934 Mussolini sent troops to the Italian border with Austria in reaction to Hitler’s attempt to invade Austria. This move indicates that Mussolini was untrusting of Hitler and made a concentrated effort to ensure that Hitler’s position in the region remain largely unchanged. Moreover his joining of the Stresa Front in 1935 along with Britain and France in a bid to contain Germany would indicate once more that prior to Abyssinia, Mussolini’s position in regards to Germany was one of reluctance and hesitance. However, following Abyssinia, Italy’s international position shifted, with Britain and France condemning the move. Crucially however, Hitler supported Mussolini’s invasion and did not condemn it, and Hitler soon appeared to be Italy’s stronger option within Europe, and so Mussolini steadily synchronised his foreign policy with Hitler’s and it could be argued that it was at this point Mussolini’s foreign policy took the greatest shift.