Charles's proFrench policies led to a Catholic scare. Catholic James II violated the Test Act by giving government and university jobs to Catholics. Fear of a Catholic monarchy led to the expulsion of James II and the Glorious Revolution. The triumph of England's Parliament: constitutional monarchy and cabinet government The "Glorious Revolution" expelled James II, installed William and Mary on the throne, and ended the divineright
It was a period of intense rebellions such as the Wyatt’s rebellion, or factional fighting in court for example; Edward’s court was ridden with the visions of the dukes of Northumberland (John Dudley) and Somerset (Edward Seymour). But perhaps the most fundamental division of the mid Tudor crisis was thrown up by the reformation of the church and Mary’s brutal Counter Reformation. This leads me on to talk about one of the largest perceived problems at the start of Elizabeth’s reign. Henry VIII reigned against the background of the dramatic upheaval of the English church known as the Reformation. This is when the authority of the Roman Catholic Church led by the pope was rejected by those known as Protestants.
The great charter of English liberties ranted by King John in 1215 under the threat of civil war. It was reissued twice, once in 1216 and 1217 with omissions and alterations. As the conqueror of England, William I had secured for himself and his immediate successors a position of unprecedented power. He had been able to dominate not only the country he had conquered but the barons who had helped him win it and the ecclesiastics (priests) who served the English church. He had forced the pope to be content with indirect control over the church in a land, which the papacy (office of the pope) had regarded as bound by the closest ties to Rome.
The Allied powers wanted to try Kaiser Wilhelm II for War crimes but were unable to as he abdicated then escaped to The Netherlands in exile. This would be the end of the German Empire. With Emperor Franz Joseph dying during World War One, the Throne would go to Charles. He would write a proclamation recognizing the Austrian people's right to determine the form of the state and relinquish administrating the country but hoped to remain emperor. The Austrian parliament banished him unless he renounced his claims to the
But this didn't stop the threats from coming. THe Ottoman Turks thought this was their time to try and overcome part of the empire. Through this process they defeated Charles' brother-in-law, overran mmost of Hungary, and even got to Vienna, until they driven back by force in 1529. In Germany, Charles decided to attempt to settle the Lutheran problem through the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. Where he ended up demanding that the Lutherans return to the Catholic Church in 1531.
18. Who was Charlemagne and what title did the pope bestow on him? *Charlemagne was the Powerful king of the Franks and he obtained the title of emperor by the Pope crowning him the Emperor of Rome by acting as the Vicar of Christ. 19. What were the obligations of lords and vassals, and of lords and serfs, to one another? The Lords provided the vassals and serfs with land and protection and the vassals had to fight for the lords and the serfs had to pay rent and farm the land of the lords.
Why and How did Richard III make himself king? * Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was empowered by his marriage to Anne Neville, heir too much of Warwick’s estate. * Edward IV’s immediate successor was his son (Edward V) and facing a desperate struggle against the ambitions of the Woodville family, he knew he had to remove Edward V (Elizabeth Woodville’s son) from power. * He had the support of William, Lord Hastings and Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. * Whilst Richard was being protectorate to Edward V’s minority, the Duke of Buckingham was challenging the legitimacy of Edward V by saying his father was already contracted to marry when he married Elizabeth Woodville.
The German Princes established a national figurehead who they could look to for ideology and bravery to drive the Reformation. This is first displayed in 1519 when Luther met famous German theologian John Eck, who at the Leipzig debate, accused Luther of being a Hussite to which Luther controversially agreed. At this meeting Luther was ruthless: denying the authority of the pope and general council and reiterated his idea of “justification by faith alone”. This series of
Popes were competing with Italian princes for political power and fought wars, and many clergy led lavish lifestyles. John Wycliffe An early English reformer, using sermons and writing to call for changes, but was removed from his teaching position. Jan Hus An early reformer, preaching against the immorality and worldliness of the Church, excommunicated by the Pope, and later burned at the stake after being arrested and tried. What was the "last straw" for Luther? In 1517, he saw Johannes Tetzel selling indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany.
Also wanted a more strictly controlled colonial system C. Maryland rebelled against Catholics and became a royal colony D. New York controlled by German militia officer Leisler shortly until he was hanged. II. Economic A. Each region of the colonies developed a unique economy and trading pattern that was reflected by its products. New England A.