Multiple birth babies are at increased risk of low birth weight because they are often pre mature. Moreover, excessive stress and victim of domestic violence or other abuse also may increase the risk of low birth weight. Babies who have low birth weight are more likely to have health problems than babies born normally. Many of the premature and low birth weight babies lack enough body fat to uphold a normal body temperature, and have medical problems. Some of the medical problems that infants with low birth weight have are that they have the risk of developing breath problems such as the respiration distress syndrome.
Davina Galloway PSY-241-FON02 Examine the research on low birth weight and explain the implications for early and later disease states as evidenced through correlational research. The implications for early and later disease have been improvably linked to low birth weight in newborns. Challenges to fetal development often result in low birth weight (LBW) or the condition known as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Controllable factors that contribute to LBW and IUGR are: * Lack of prenatal care * Late entry into prenatal care * Maternal periodontal (gum) disease * Inadequate maternal weight gain during pregnancy * Inadequate preconception and/or prenatal maternal nutrition * Maternal smoking during pregnancy * Exposure to second hand smoke during pregnancy * Maternal substance use during pregnancy About 1 in every 12 babies in the United States is born with low birth weight. Newborns develop many diseases in their early life because of their low weight.
Evidence suggests that nonemergent elective cesarean delivery may have several negative outcomes for women and their newborns. There are several reasons for the increase in cesarean deliveries: delayed childbearing, increasing maternal body mass, multiple gestations pregnancies due to in vitro fertilization, low use of vaginal birth after previous cesarean (VBAC), repeated cesareans, satisfaction with a favorable birthing experience, and possible physician liabilities due to complications with vaginal deliveries. A negative birth experience has been linked to an increased risk of postpartum depression and therefore efforts to improve maternal satisfaction may also lead to improved clinical outcomes (Blomquist, 2011). Women who preferred a cesarean section were more anxious, were generally poorly informed of the risks factors, and/or overestimated the safety of the procedure (Gamble, 2001). Those who preferred cesarean delivery during the second trimester, who were older, and who had health problems before or during pregnancy were more likely to have cesarean deliveries.
Personal factors; Influences before and at birth - as in genetics, maternal diet etc during pregnancy, birth itself i.e. problems due to lack of oxygen, cord round neck, injuries from birth etc. Health - child who has ill health may spend time in hospital and miss time from pre-school and school affecting education on all levels including emotional and social aspects of making friends etc. Also conditions like asthma triggered by certain conditions could affect child's physical development and need hospital/doctors visits etc. Disability - this one is pretty obvious but I also included the effects of child with disability and also parent with disability and affect on child's development.
Illicit use of these drugs can lead to low birth weight, breathing difficulties, death, and of course the possibility of the baby being born addicted to the drug. Drug addictions in infants present themselves as irritability, fevers, and piercing cries. More specifically, cocaine use during pregnancy can cause physical deformities in the child’s eyes, bones, genitals, urinary tract, kidneys and heart and acute growth retardation. They may also experience seizures and hemorrhages. While many people believe that marijuana may not be as harmful as these other drugs, it can still affect the infant in a few ways.
Micro preemies are in danger of an eye illness called retinopathy of prematurity; it’s a condition that can cause vision weakening or blindness. Because retinopathy of prematurity is easiest to treat when it's caught early, premature babies are screened quickly, regularly while they are still in the hospital. This is treated with freezing or with a laser operation, and almost all newborns recover absolutely. Premature babies normally cannot receive nutrients directly from the breast or a bottle at birth, and possibly will be fed with IV fluids or through a tube in the nose or mouth for a number of weeks. These initial feeding trials can cause enduring feeding complications, such as food rejection and slow development.
Single parenthood can play a major role in the child’s social and cognitive development, together with family functioning. The effects of the absence of one parent can be a major factor in the child’s social developmental, self-esteem, emotional and academic development, including academic achievement. Whether children in two-parent families fare better than children in single-parent families is however, questionable. We are all aware that nature and nurturing is as a major obstacle to families functioning in single parent homes, as well as two parent households. According to an Article written by Zabriskie, R. B., for the American Physiological Journal, it states that “The United States is experiencing a significant increase in single-parent families,
Different areas of a young carers life have been considered including their family (and parenting capacity), health, education and safeguarding concerns. Attachments between the parent and child can suffer when there is mental illness and separation away from their parents, due to hospital admissions, is a worrying time, however as separation is natural in child development this can create resilience in the child. I chose this subject as I have experience from my practice and I can link the theory and research to my direct work. I found that adults with mental illness are one of the most excluded groups in society and there are close links between poverty, mental ill health, discrimination and social exclusion. Parental mental illness can have a negative effect on the parent / child relationship and child development, especially where there is little external support.
One of the major factors of chronic stress is poverty. This “toxic” stress causes various negative outcomes in childbirth, such as the delivery of premature, low-weight babies, as part 2 of this film discusses. Studies have shown that as the socio-economic status of the mother decreases, so does the health of her child at birth. Some experts suggest that it is this stress in the mother that causes African American infants to be more likely to suffer from developmental problems, such as cognitive, physical, and behavioral deficits (Jackson et al., 2010). Chronic stress, such as poverty, is a physiologic reaction to both physical and psychological stressors.
People in disadvantaged groups and areas tend to experience the poorest health but health inequalities exist across the population as a whole (Department of Health, 2007). The outcome of health inequalities are relatively current, pervasive and persistent (Marmot, 2010, cited in Health Select Committee, 2009) and there is an on-going discussion in the media on the factors of health inequalities and its relative contribution to unequal outcomes of education, social class, economic status, employment and ethnicity (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010). National Equality Panel (NEP) reported in (Hill, et al., 2010) that inequalities within a minority group were substantial, often as great as, and sometimes greater than the inequality in the population as a whole. The term “health inequalities” is closely linked to “social determinants of health” (Marmot and Wilkinson 1999) as it refers to the multiple influences upon health status, including socioeconomic status, diet, education, employment, housing, and income. Social class is a measure that aims to locate one’s position in the social