Abstract This paper is a biomechanical analysis of long distance runners. It explains what to focus on when examining a runner, like posture, gait, and foot-strike. The area of interest is the lower extremity. The lower extremity muscles will be discussed and how they impact the running process. The way a runner strikes the ground greatly affects the impact on the overall body, and further helps to determine injury.
Speaking from experience, I used to run cross country in high school, and I would always have a difficult adjusting to the altitude in western South Dakota as opposed to eastern South Dakota. Since the altitude is higher in western South Dakota, many of the athletes have increased hemoglobin and red blood cells within the body, which allows the body to actually perform better. There are some hazards to training at higher elevations such as dryness which can lead to hyperventilation and water loss in the body. However, each athlete is different and may react to different altitudes in different ways, and athletes that move from a lower elevation to a higher elevation may need to be monitored closely (Mackenzie, 1997). Temperature plays a big factor in the way an athlete performs.
LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Recruitment and Isotonic and Isometric Contractions Name: Carolyn Chrzastowski Instructor: Professor Waite Date: 07.19.2015 Predictions When the arm goes from resting to flexing, the amplitude and frequency of sEMG spikes will increase During flexion, the amplitude and frequency of sEMG spikes will ___ during extension. be greater than Recruitment of motor units will be greatest when the load is 20 pounds Materials and Methods Comparison of motor unit activation during muscle tone and concentric and eccentric isotonic contractions Dependent Variable amplitude and frequency of sEMG spikes Independent Variable muscle movement Controlled Variables total number of motor units
The body’s metabolic rate is increased as its need for energy is increased, and the body becomes more resourceful. Muscle tone and muscle mass increase after the muscles tear and reconstruct themselves. In addition to improved muscle tone and muscle mass, there are other effects of exercise for physical disease control and/or prevention. A person’s entire body system, including all the ***** 2 body parts, is in continuous movement when exercising. The cardiovascular (heart), circulatory, and pulmonary (lungs) systems probably benefit the most from routinely
APPLICATION 1. During strenuous exercise, TV plateaus at about 60% of VC but minute ventilation continues to increase. Explain how that would occur. The reason for increased minute ventilation during exercise is because much more oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged than at rest. This single metabolic fact accounts for the profound changes in not only respiration, but also in cardiac and circulatory physiology during exercise.
In this case friction will be neglected, and Data Studio will calibrate the length of the ramp. As an object moves down an incline, its’ speed increases with respect to time. This information can be used to determine the acceleration of objects down frictionless surfaces, and may help in future applications. As an object accelerates down a ‘frictionless ramp’, acceleration is increasing in the positive x direction, as seen in Diagram 1. The larger the angle of incline, the faster the acceleration will occur.
The Effects of Altitude on Human Physiology Changes in altitude can have a dramatic effect on the human body and how we maintain our homeostasis, or balance to ensure our optimal operating environment for our complex chemical systems. Any deviation from homeostasis is a change away from this optimal operating environment. The body tries to correct this imbalance, such as the effect of increasing attitude and the lack of adequate oxygen. With an increase in elevation, a typical occurrence when climbing at high altitudes, the body is forced to respond with various means to the changes in its external environment. If the responses from our body to the lack of oxygen are inadequate, the results to our body can be serious, and sometimes fatal.
(cog- psy, som-phys) 1. Fear being beaten, which increases levels of arousal 2. Butterflies, sweaty palms * Arousal: inverted U hypothesis (optimal level of arousal): term used in psychology to describe the heightened sense of physical and mental alertness or activation. (Understanding is imp to change behavior) (brain waves, heart rate, muscle tension, respiration rate affect ^) * I was … lethargic, which therefore influenced my serves… because. To increase arousal: Increase rhythm and rate of breathing, stretch and exercise, listen to upbeat music, draw energy from the crowd.
It is essential for long distance runners to have high muscular endurance so they can compete in races such as the marathon. To test muscular endurance you could do the abdominal curl test, this test requires the participant to perform sit ups in time with a recorded sequence of beeps. The test is complete when the participant can no longer keep up with the recording. Cardio Vascular Endurance Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart to provide oxygen to the heart during long periods of exercise. Cardiovascular endurance is important because you heart controls the oxygen flow to your muscles directly affecting performance The type of athlete that requires good cardiovascular endurance is similar to muscular endurance; an example would be a footballer.
Life Style Factors That Can Affect Sports Training And Performance Drugs: Stimulants | Make athletes more alert and mask fatigue | Can cause heart failure, addictive | Anabolic agents - steroids | Help athletes to train harder and build muscle | Increased aggression and kidney damage | Diuretics | Remove fluid from the body. Used : * to make the weight, e.g. in boxing * to hide other drug use | Causes severe dehydration | Narcotic analgesics | Mask pain caused by injury or fatigue which can make the injury worse | Addictive | Peptides and hormones | EPO (Erythropoietin) red blood cells - gives more energyHGH (Human Growth Hormone) - build muscle | EPO - risk of stroke or heart problems.HGH - abnormal growth, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis etc. | Some athletes take illegal substances, an activity known as ‘doping’ the most popular being stimulants and hormones which are performance enhancers, they have numerous health risks and are banned by all the main sports governing bodies . There are five types of ‘doping classes’ (banned drugs): Taking anabolic-androgenic steroids to enhance athletic performance, besides being prohibited by most sports organizations, is illegal.