Genetic Transformation of Escherichia coli with pGLO Ahmed Islam Abstract Aim: This experiment is designed to help understand the concept of genetic transformation. This is the uptake of DNA fragments from the environment by a competent bacterium. Competency must be induced in bacterium such as Escheria coli. Also, this lab helps understand the concepts of plasmids, specifically pGLO, and their genes, specifically green fluorescent gene (GFP). Expression will be regulated using promoters.
1) Genetic engineering or genetic modification is the process of altering an organism’s genetic material for a beneficial purpose. Genetic modification is used to improve the products we obtain from plants and animals making them more nutritious, less-harmful manufacturing processes, and production in large quantities making them less expensive. 2) Gene Therapy- when an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal gene in order to treat a disorder or medical disease Plasmid- small circular DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of bacteria, these molecules cut DNA into a recognizable sequences DNA Polymerase Chain (PCR)- technique used to make copies of a certain gene. Biologists particularly use this with tiny genes that are rarely available. Hybridization- crossing different traits to bring the best of organisms into one.
how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA Regents Biology! Regents Biology! DNA ! Proteins ! Cells !
1-2-09 Glowing Bacteria Genes are pieces of DNA which hold the instructions for making proteins. The protein will then give an organism a particular trait. Genetic transformation means changes caused by genes, and requires the insertion of a gene into an organism, in order to change the trait. this technique is used by in many areas of biotechnology. Agriculturally, plants can be genetically transformed to be resistant to pesticides, spoilage, and frost.
“Both deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and all types of ribonucleic acid or RNA are involved in the process,” (What Is Protein Synthesis, 2013.) Enzymes in the cell’s nucleus begin the process of protein synthesis by unwinding the needed section of DNA, so that RNA can be made. The RNA forms as a copy of one side of the DNA strand, and is sent to other areas of the cell to aid in the bringing together of different amino acids that form proteins. Protein synthesis is so called because proteins are synthesized through mechanical and chemical processes in the cell. Once the strand of RNA has been made in the nucleus, it is called messenger RNA.
During transformation, a prokaryotic cell takes up genes from the surrounding environment. In conjugation genes are transferred directly from one organism to another. In transduction, viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes. Mutation is the major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes. Because some bacteria can divide every twenty minutes, a new beneficial mutation can spread rapidly through prokaryotic populations in response to environmental changes.
The bases used in DNA replication are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). In RNA, uracil (U) is used instead of thymine, but in this case, that is irrelevant. Generally, in a normal human being, A is matched up with T, and G is matched up with C to makeup the complementary base pairs. An important step in the initiation of the replication process is the binding of the RNA primase. This primase attracts the nucleotides that bind to the corresponding nucleotides of the 3’-5’ strand.
What is the benefit of the modification? Because the GM tomatoes can remain fresh longer they have time to ripen in the sun before picking, resulting in a better tasting tomato! 4. Three advantages of genetically modified foods Longer lasting foods can be more easily transported, Having extra vitamins in food help poor people from becoming malnourished or going blind, and the insecticides inside some genetically modified plants keep farmers from having to spray the whole place down with toxic wastes, and they also 5. A counter argument to one of the disadvantages of genetically modified food Some antibiotics can be transferred to humans and make it harder for us to fight infections, genetically modifying foods could potentially put farmers out of work, and some important insects could be at risk because of the insecticides in foods.
(1) The virus attaches to receptor on a host cell, injecting a genetic material (RNA) and enzymes. (2) A viral enzyme transcribed the RNA in to the same form as the host cell's genetic material(DNA). (3) The viral DNA is integrated into the chromosomes on the nucleus of the host cell. This integrated DNA is called provirus (4) After a long idle period, the provirus directs enzymes in the host cells to produce new strands of viral RNA. The new viral RNA serves as blueprint.
By creating new gene versions, mutations are a driving force for changes in evolution to allow for new eye colors. They can be harmful in the case for humans when mutations on the chromosomal level could lead to diseases such as down syndrome from having three copies of the 21st chromosome. References (1) "Exhibit: Mutant Fruit Flies - Drosophila Genetics | Exploratorium." Exhibit: Mutant Fruit Flies - Drosophila Genetics | Exploratorium. N.p., n.d.