Another study, which supports the multi-store model, is the Glanzer and Cunitz study in 1966. They asked participants to recall as many words as they could remember from a list of 20 words. This showed the long-term memory store an the short term memory store. The words which were at the start of the list was re-called best as the had been rehearsed for a long period of time, which allowed them to be transferred into the LTM, however the participants found it harder to recall the words at the end of the list, as they were stored in the STM, meaning that the capacity of memory was limited. There is strong evidence to support the multi-store model.
• Authoritative opinion from a 1993 Anders Ericsson paper suggests that although practice focusing on fixing errors may not be the most enjoyable, it is probably the most effective. • Research on practice sessions of pianists published in the Journal of Research in Music Education indicates that the best pianists put a stronger focus on immediately fixing errors so they do not occur again. Comment: The argument is fairly persuasive because, as presented, it makes good logical sense (logos = logical appeal) and basically validates my personal experiences. The results of the studies on the musicians’ practices made the argument much more credible (ethos = ethical appeal) and convincing to me. In fact, I would have liked hearing about the studies in more detail.
The participant did this a number of times and each time the retention interval was different (it became larger each time). The Peterson’s found that more was remembered with a three second interval instead of the 18 second interval. They found short term memory only lasts 20 at the most. This was a good study because it shows the massive difference between how much was remembered at each interval. However, the psychologists were only studying one kind of memory – syllables and words.
Loftus found that participants in the second condition were significantly less accurate at identifying the man from 50 photos than the first condition. This therefore suggests that people tend to focus on the most threatening object, and don’t pay attention to other details of a scene, which affects their accuracy in EWT. However, the study doesn’t take individual differences into account. It is perfectly plausible that participants in condition one simply had better memory, and therefore were more accurate in identifying the man, instead of it being the weapon that affected memory. Christianson and Hubinette interviewed 58 people from a real life bank robbery and found that those who had been threatened in some way could recall more than those who had just been bystanders.
Interestingly in the Rutter study those who were adopted before the age of 6 months tended to show a more marked improvement compared to their older counterparts. This seems to coincide with Schaffer and Emerson’s Glaswegian infant study which showed that children below the age of 6 months treat everything indiscriminately having not formed an attachment. So naturally by definition the Romanian infants below 6 months couldn’t and didn’t suffer privation and so therefore didn’t suffer the effects of it later. However with the Rutter study it is hard to establish cause and effect. Many of the children suffered cognitive deficits but this might have rather been a result of a lack of substantial intellectual stimulation within the institutions as opposed to privation.
Deeper processing led to improved recognition, which supports the levels of processing theory of memory. To evaluate, a weakness of this study is that it lack generalisability. The study consisted of only 24 participants. This small sample is not representative of the target population as the results could have been due to
Of those that used randomization, only one showed significant differences supporting the use of music therapy (8). Most of the sample sizes are small, which limits generalization, but among those with larger sample sizes, there were significant differences supporting the use of music therapy for the terminally ill. Some of the studies evaluated only single music therapy sessions, and Krout (39) argued that future research should evaluate music therapy across multiple sessions. Measurement tools varied, but Calovini (36) encouraged the use of tools designed specifically for the terminally ill. Only one study utilized a measurement tool designed for the terminally ill with established reliability and validity (8). Although the studies have limitations, the results show promise for the use of music therapy in palliative care.
He/she showed that though their short term memory was damaged or quite poor when it came to preforming verbal tasks, they were still able to perform visual tasks, indicating separate stores for visual and verbal task as suggested by the working memory model. Brain scans can also show physiological support indicating that separate stores of memory are used for different types of tasks as different parts of the brain are used for verbal and visual data based information, as suggested by the working memory model. Another positive remark about the working memory model is that it is more plausible and realistic compared to the multi-store model as it suggests that the stm holds our information in ties with manipulation due to problems that maybe encountered unlike the multi-store model that claims the stm is a static store with its fixed duration and capacity rate that may be little affected. The working memory model gives more in-depth information about the short term memory store in contrast to the multi-store model. On the other hand, the working memory model has been hugely criticised for not being a comprehensive model of memory as it only concerns itself with the short term
Puzzles that challenge the person’s thought processes and encourage them to think “outside of the box” are certainly beneficial to improved memory and cognition (“Lecture 8”, n.d.). Memory can be improved significantly when these types of activities are engaged in on a routine
Combined medication and behavioral treatment added little advantage overall, over medication alone, but combined treatment did result in more improved social skills, and parents and teachers judged this treatment more favorably. Both systematically applied medication (monitored regularly) and combined treatment were superior to routine community care, which often involved the use of stimulants. An important potential advantage for behavioral treatment is the possibility of improving functioning with reduced dose of stimulants. The current state of the empirical literature regarding the treatment of ADHD is such that at least five important questions cannot be answered. First, it cannot be determined if the combination of stimulants and psychosocial treatments can improve functioning with reduced dose of stimulants.