Vulnerable mothers that do not finish getting their education become discouraged and loose the motivation and drive to tackle the oncoming challenges that life brings, creating for them another barrier on the micro level; it being a financial barrier. “Poverty and economic loss diminish the capacity for supportive, consistent, and involved parenting and render parents more vulnerable to the debilitating effects of negative life events” (Vonnie C. McLoyd, 1990 p.311). Not being financially stable brings on a lot of stress that impacts the relationship between the mother and child. Education has a large impact on a person’s life and it can change it for the better.
The lives of women on the Home Front were greatly affected by World War I The lives of women were greatly affected by the war, mainly in a positive way in the long run. Before the war upper-class women did not work, in contrast working class women worked in professions such as maids or working in factories as a way to provide for their families. Statistics show that as many as 11% of women worked as domestic servants before the war. The war also helped the social status of women dramatically in a positive manner as well as giving women the chance to work in a greater variety of jobs, although after the war they were expected to return to their original traditional housewife role. When the war broke out in August 1914, thousands of women lost their jobs in dressmaking, millenary and jewellery making.
A UC Berkley study of California’s childcare support system found that early care and education systems have much to do with the ongoing wage gap. Found through research done by the Roosevelt institute, the study states, “Better pay and benefits are correlated with a continuous work history. When workers’ careers are disrupted because of child care failure — care that is unreliable, unaffordable, or just unavailable — and these workers are usually women. Periods of non-employment lead to lower wages because of loss of seniority, and sometimes being less likely to receive further training or mentoring due to questions of commitment.” (Kimmel 2006, p.79)When not working for long periods of time some significant “skill deprecation” may occur and thus lowering the wage. Investment in early child education that is affordable to all classes would, in the end work to everyone’s advantage.
A mixture of these factors led to the change in the position of women in society, the increase in equality, especially legally, including the right to vote (legal factor), the increase in educational opportunities (social factor) meant that women chose to educate themselves before starting a family, the increase in work opportunities with laws banning unequal pay and sex discrimination (social/legal factor)and changing attitudes in society meant that it was socially acceptable for women to be employed whereas traditionally the wife would be the housewife and the husband would be the breadwinner and would financially support his family. Recently, the number of people dying has also decreased in the UK as there is an increase in life
A change that has happened to childbearing since the 1970's is that over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage, which is five times more than it was in 1971. This means that more children are being born into lone-parent families or cohabilitating families. A reason for this is that there has been a huge decline in the stigma that used to be held over births outside marriage and also a increase in cohabiliatation. An example of this is that only one third of 18-24 year olds think marriage should come before parenthood, meaning that the rise in births outside of marriage is more to do with the increase in cohabilitating couples than it is to do with single parents. Another change that has happened in childbearing since the 1970's is that women are having fewer children and children later in life.
This undermines their motivation and self-esteem therefore they give up on trying to do well in education and have a fatalistic attitude towards it. Another reason why girls achieve better could be because of the changes in the family. There is now an increase of the number lone-parent female headed families and these changes are affecting girls attitudes towards education. This could be because an increased number of female headed lone-parent families means that
Kamenetz uses pathos, ethos, and logos to show that if we invest the time and money, we can change society’s view of the preference for baby boys over baby girls on a global, rather than just a national level. Anya Kamenetz uses emotion to make the reader feel the impact of what she is trying to say in the essay. The pathos appeal really does make the reader want to continue reading, because you know that she feels that change needs to be made and is not afraid to voice her opinion. When she writes, “Women excel in education…we are 56% of undergraduates in the US and approaching parity in India and China.”(Kamenetz, 2013, p. 385), the use of the word “we” makes the reader feel more in touch with the author, and gives a better mood to the essay itself. Instead of just using the word women, she uses “we” because she wants the reader to feel that she and the audience is a part of this statistic too.
Working-class mums lacked confidence in education/school due to their own negative experiences in school. Cater & Coleman (2006) studied the risk of becoming a teenage mother and found it was 10 times higher for a girl from an unskilled family background compared with a professional/middle-class background. Many of the mothers had had teenage mothers themselves. They believed that having a baby young would give them a new identity and purpose. Education influences social class identity by the type of school a child attends.
599). The union organizers wanted to improve working conditions for women during this era. Informing as many women as possible to protest for better working conditions as well as better pay. Since the nineteenth century women in the workforce have been under hostile conditions. Women continue to suffer penalties in the workforce for having children while working a job.
Unfortunately, this is not a valid argument since only 4 percent of the minimum wage workers are single parents. Most minimum wage earners are under 25 years of age and are not the sole breadwinner for the family. They tend to come from middle-class families, are still in school and only work part-time. Statistics shows that 79 percent of these people only work part time. Approximately 62 percent are still obtaining their education, and only 22 percent live below the national poverty line.