Answer the following questions as you proceed. Forensic Biology: Follow Greg and answer the following questions. What is DNA? The genetic make up of all living things After taking DNA from Suspects A & B –
Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei used mRNA made up of repeating uracil nucleotides in a cell free extract. They obtained amino acid chains consisting of phenylalanine. What did they learn when they asked the question, ”What happens when mRNA made up of only cytosine, alanine, and guanine are placed in a cell free extract?” 10. Explain how the structure of tRNA helps it to deliver the correct amino acid to the corresponding mRNA codon at the ribosome. Sketch the structure of a tRNA molecule, making sure to label the amino acid and the
It does this by controlling the enzymes present. The chromatin is composed of DNA. DNA contains the information for the production of proteins. | Mitochondria | Mitochondria have two membranes (not one as in other organelles). The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it.
The gaps are closed with the action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. The fifth and final step of DNA replication is Termination. This process happens when the DNA polymerase reaches to an end of the strands, when the RNA primer is removed; it is not possible for the DNA polymerase to seal the gap. So, the end of the parental strand where the last primer binds isn’t replicated. The first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mRNA from a DNA gene in the nucleus.
7. The figure to the right shows that injection of M-phase cytoplasm into an oocyte triggers the cell to enter mitosis. What would be the expected effect on cell division if cytoplasm from a G2-phase cell were injected into an M-phase cell? A. DNA replication would begin again. B. activation of all cyclin-CDK complex in the cell.
| | | A) | provides a location for DNA production | | | B) | helps decrease surface area | | | C) | allows selective permeability of cell membrane | | | D) | facilitates breakdown of chemical bonds | | | | | | Feedback: The pleats and folds of the endoplasmic reticulum provides a large surface area where cellular functions, such as breaking chemical bonds, can take place. |
With this method, a tiny amount of DNA from a few cells would be enough to identify an individual. What other applications does PCR have? You can also trace hereditary diseases and establish the genetic relationships among people. What are the three stages in the PCR test? 1.
DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins, However, a gene does not build a protein directly, instead it dispatches instructions in the form of RNA, which then programs protein synthesis. This molecular chain of command is from DNA in the nucleus then to RNA then to protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The two main stages are transcription and translation, transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule, translation is the transfer of the information from RNA into a protein. Describe each stage of the flow of information starting with DNA and ending with a trait. Information will always start with DNA then it will travel to the RNA and then the protein.
In order to utilize casein, bacteria cells secrete proteolytic exoenzymes (amylases, proteases, pectinases, lipases, xylanases and cellulases) outside of the cell that hydrolyze the protein to amino acids. The amino acids can then be used by cells after crossing the cell membrane via transport proteins [169]. Starch hydrolysis test is used to differentiate bacteria based on their ability to hydrolyze starch with the enzyme α-amylase or oligo-l, 6-glucosidase. These enzymes hydrolyze starch by breaking the glycosidic linkages between the sugar subunits. It aids in the differentiation of species from the genera Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and members of Enterococcus [170].
In all forms of digestion (whether of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats), larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by a reaction with water in which a water molecule is split in two, with each part joining a different product molecule. This type of reaction is called hydrolysis. Remember that proteins are long chains of amino acids linked together by amide functional groups called peptide bonds. When protein molecules are digested, a series of hydrolysis reactions convert them into separate amino acids. RCONR2 + H2O RCO2H + HNR2 In the laboratory, the reaction above is very slow unless a strong acid catalyst is added to mixture, yet in the small intestines, where the conditions are essentially neutral rather than acidic, most of the hydrolysis of proteins takes place rather quickly.