Sex in the Workplace Logan Elliott Scopes and Methods POL 2703 Ayala 8/5/2012 Literature Review The research question that this paper will investigate is how does one’s gender affect the amount of income that person will generate in the workplace? This research paper looks at the inequalities of males and females within their careers when comparing them to one another and will attempt to discover if there is an unfair advantage of income distribution that favors males over females, even in instances where both sexes ensure the same job requirements as well as education and experience. It is a well-known and controversial subject in arguing that males tend to dominate in acquiring a higher income than do their female counterparts. Men tend to be seen as higher earners than women, which then inclines the association between masculinity being an attribute of wealth. This stereotype in itself can be attributed in perpetuating the wage gap at both the conscious and non-conscious levels thus leading to a sever inequality and a wage gap.
Understanding the reasons that workers join unions has been a subject of scholarly debate for decades. This critical review examines an article that discusses a segment of an under-represented unionized workforce: Women. The article, “The Influences on Women Joining and Participating in Unions” (2005) was written by Gill Kirton, a professor at Queen Mary, University of London. The author explores why women join and participate in unions through analyzing four influences: family, union, work and feminism. Relying on qualitative data from a study of women in two male-dominated UK unions carried out between 1999 and 2002, the article maintains that family background, gendered experiences in both unions and the workplace, as well as feminist beliefs and values all combine to shape women’s union orientations in complex ways.
Feminists Feminism is a view that examines the world from the point of view from women, coupled with the belief that women are disadvantaged and undervalued in society. Feminists believe that the majority of societies and institutions are patriarchal and male dominated. Feminists believe society is characterised by gender conflict as men seek to protect their dominance and women strive for equal rights and opportunities. Feminist approaches to health The medicalization of child birth Ann Oakley examined the experiences of women during childbirth in her research and book ‘from here to maternity’. Oakley found that up until the 1980s pregnancy and childbirth were seen as natural processes and consequently there was less intervention from doctors.
Social Inequality Paper Inequality: the condition of being unequal; lack of equality; social disparity. According to the dictionary, the overall definition of social inequality would mean individuals do not have equal social status or reputation. The article, ‘Opinion: There’s More to the Pay Gap Story’, written by Laura Vanderkam and dated September 1, 2010, discussed the wage gap for male and female citizens of the United States. Vanderkam stated that while there are types of discrimination in the workplace resulting unequal salaries, a typical salary for an American worker is now based on how individuals spend their time. The main goal of Vanderkam’s article was to eliminate the social inequality assumption that men make more money than women, and also, that women are no longer going to be considered a minority in the workforce.
Raising the achievements of boys has become a government priority, and there are many suggestions offered regarding the reasons why boys are now lagging behind girls in educational performance’. There are distinct branches of feminism ranging from the traditional liberal feminists with their concerns over legal restrictions; Marxist feminists concerned with class inequality; radical feminists who cite male violence and ‘sexploitatation’ of females; black feminism that alludes to a duality of oppression: racism and patriarchy[1]. Finally, post –modernist feminism challenges the view that gender is certain and promotes the ideology that femininity is a chosen social construct rather than simplistic biological sexuality. This
While sex refers to the biological differences between male and female, gender refers to the socially constructed and variable categories of masculine and feminine. Men are the world leaders, policemen, and private security and military, women are the housekeepers and child caregivers. They are lower paid and work as repairers of the consequences of violence as nurses, psychologists and social workers. The United Nations regard gender equality as a human right. They point out that: empowering women is also an indispensable tool for advancing development and reducing poverty.
Gender Differences in Leadership by Rosaline Berry Troy University MSM 6640 Dr. Checkwa ABSTRACT With more women assuming the role of leadership in business organizations, gender differences in leadership is becoming of great interest. Are there distinctive differences in the way men and women lead? Until recently, leadership positions have been mostly held by men. Men have been stereotyped as the more effective leader. In recent years, the gender gap between men and women in leadership roles are decreasing.
Even though today more women have joined the workforce and often do the same jobs as men, women get paid less. Women who get paid less in the workplace, despite doing the same job as a man, experience what is called the “pay gap”. The pay gap, also known as the “gender wage gap”, is the earning difference between a woman and man. Men earn an extra $1,356 a month or $650,000 a year between the ages of 25 and 65 (Henslin, 2010, p. 316). Now if the male is also a college graduate the pay gap will increase to $2,482 a month and total of $1,192,000 during their whole career (Henslin, 2010, p. 316).
Women in most societies have been on the receiving end of norms, values and practices that promote gender inequality. For instance, in traditional societies the role of women was defined by the men in the society such as giving birth, staying in the kitchen and not participating in any decision making process in the society. As a result of significant growth in the world over the years, gender inequality has been identified as a major vice that affects development of both individuals and societies. Therefore, governments have put in place measures to address any cases of gender inequality. Nonetheless, gender inequality has evolved with the emergence of modernity in the society.
Gender inequality can be defined as the obvious or hidden disparity between male and female. In order to fight gender inequality, the US government had enacted several laws such as the 1963 federal Equal Pay Act, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the passage of Title VII and IX of the Education Amendments in the early 1970s. Gender discrimination can be manifested in several ways in this society; for instance, although there are more women that are being active in the workplace nowadays, they are being paid less money than men in many positions that are being occupied by both entities. This is so true that according to the US Census Bureau, the median income in 2000 for females with a high school diploma was $21,963, compared to $30,868 for males with a high school diploma. Females with bachelor's degrees earned $35,408 in 2000, compared with $49,982 for males.