In the experiment a secondary alcohol (cyclohexanol) is heated with acid (phosphoric acid). A carbocation is generated by the loss of water from cyclohexanol because of the protonated alcohol. Loss of hydrogen ion from the carbocation will give the desired alkene (cyclohexene). Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids that have different boiling points that are relatively close together. By using this method of distillation a mixture is heated to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound is evaporated the distillate is then condensed and collected.
Simple and Fractional Distillation of Cyclohexane and Toluene Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to become familiar with the processes of simple and fractional distillation. In this experiment a mixture of two volatile compounds, cyclohexane and toluene, were separated with the process of distillation. Distillation relies on each compound having distinct and separate boiling points. The pure products were analyzed with gas chromatography to determine the success of the distillation. Introduction: Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, then condensing and collecting the resulting hot vapors.
The Relative Oxidising Power of the Halogens The group 7 elements are the most oxidising elements in the periodic table. The oxidising power decreases down the group. Fluorine has the most oxidising power, so other elements which join themselves with fluorine will automatically have their highest possible oxidation state/ number. Fluorine is so oxidising that is prepared through electrolysis. [pic] In each case, a halogen higher in the Group can oxidise the ions of one lower down.
When the gas comes out of the ground, it comes out wet. The first stage of the refining process involves on-site heating of the gas to 212 degrees to evaporate any non-methane hydrocarbons and fluids that are mixed into the gas. (Arthur, 2008) The condensate that is generated from this process is then vented into the atmosphere. The condensate often contains the same chemical additives that are added to the well during the fracking process, as well as volatile organic compounds that are naturally occurring in the ground where the gas is stored (Witter,
In this experiment, the amount of energy (heat) involved in a chemical change will be determined. When alcohol burns it produces carbon dioxide and water as products. Energy is also released in the reaction. The alcohols that will be used are, methanol CH3OH, ethanol CH3CH2OH, propanol CH3(CH)2OH, butanol C4H9OH, octanol C8H18O, and paraffin wax C25H52. The heat obtained when a known mass of alcohol or paraffin wax burns will be used to warm a measured volume of water.
Which type of intermolecular attraction (dispersion force, or hydrogen bond) exists in each of the following liquids? hydrogen bond hydrogen bond dispersion force hydrogen bond Predict which liquid in each pair has the higher boiling point. CH3COOH C2H5OH If the molecules in a liquid are weakly attracted, which of the following properties has a high value? vapor pressure (high when attraction is low) boiling point is low (it is only high when molecules are strongly attracted) viscosity is low (it is only high when molecules are strongly attracted) surface tension is low (it is only high when molecules are strongly attracted) Distinguish between a solid and a liquid at the molecular level. Solids and liquids differ at
This principle was first used in a rocket engine by Robert Goddard. Very nearly all modern rocket engines that employ hot gas combustion use de Laval nozzles. Its operation relies on the different properties of gases flowing at subsonic and supersonic speeds [1, 2]. The speed of a subsonic flow of gas will increase if the pipe carrying it narrows because the mass flow rate is constant. The gas flow through a de Laval nozzle is isentropic (gas entropy is nearly constant).
Besides, he also states that the rate of random rearrangement is crucial since the trisaturated glycerides can precipitate as fast as they are produced in the liquid phase. According to Norizzah
The “O” diameter of the sprue must be roughly 20% larger than the nozzle diameter. As shown in the figure below, “O” dimensions are critical in relation to part and runner size. With hot bushings, control of the melt temperature entering the runner system is more accurate. Nevertheless, because of the high-temperature plastic melt and injector nozzle repeated contact, so the design is often
Recrystallise the crude ester from methanol using a quantity of hot solvent approximately twice the minimum required for complete solution (This is to ensure that the phenyl benzoate does not separate until the temperature of the solution has fallen below the melting point of the ester). Phenyl benzoate separates as colourless crystals. 5. Determine the melting point of the product. Results : Yield (mass in gram) = __________________0.128 g_____________________ Melting point of pure phenyl benzoate (OC) = ___________70O______________ Melting point of your phenyl benzoate (OC) = ___________69O______________ Questions : 1.