The Renaissance is the period of European history between around 1400 and 1600. Renaissance means ‘re-birth.’ In general the Renaissance period was a time of ‘re-born’ interest in all things Greek and Roman, their books and ideas, buildings and sculptures. But, in medicine, interest in the Greeks and Romans had never gone away because the physicians had kept reading and relying on Galen. People went from looking back at the works of Hippocrates and Galen to challenging them and looking forward. The Renaissance is famous for discoveries in science, geography and art.
Although in medical references authors consider the Egyptians as outstanding physicians and attentive embalmers they have not received much of public recognition. It was not until the 20th century, when historians translated the medical papyri written by ancient physicians, that Egypt's vast anatomical findings publically known. Having developed a system of writing, enabled ancient Egyptians chronicled a tremendous amount of their knowledge and experience on papyrus. The papyri that have depicted what ancient Egypt knew about anatomy were the Edwin Smith papyrus (1700 B.C.) and the George Ebers papyrus (1500 B.C.).
As is the case for most modern day scientific advances, as they found their beginning in Egypt and Mesopotamia over five thousand years ago. The remains of palaces and the pyramids show the engineering skills of these ancients. Besides these engineering skills, Egyptians devised ways of measurement which allowed each Egyptian to get his own land back following the seasonal flooding of the Nile River. The early Egyptians also had a good working knowledge of chemistry which was exhibited as they prepared metals, made wine, paints, perfumes, and cosmetics. Also, the ancient Greeks were credited with many developments that have led to modern day sciences.
The Asclepius and Asclepion have both fallen underneath the category of Religion. Religion not only has helped through the Greek times, but also through the Egyptian times, and the Romans. The Romans and Greeks had a lot of similarities during their progress towards medicine. For example Religion. Both civilizations have had a lot and some people going to the Asclepion when needed with help.
Study Sources C, G and H and use your own knowledge ‘Anaesthetics were the most significant surgical breakthrough of the period 1845-1918.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Use your own knowledge, Sources C, G and H, and any other sources you find helpful. Anaesthetic were a very important breakthrough in surgery. During the nineteenth century anaesthetics such as ether and chloroform were introduced. This meant that surgery became pain free.
The Hippocratic Oath (Ορκος) is perhaps the most widely known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards. One of the best known prohibitions is, "to do no harm" (επι δηλησει δε και αδικιηι ειρξειν) Little is known about who wrote it or first used it, but it appears to be more strongly influenced by th followers of Pythagoras than Hippocrates and is often estimated to have been written in the 4 century B.C.E. Over the centuries, it has been rewritten often in order to suit the values of different cultures influenced by Greek medicine. Contrary to popular belief, the Hippocratic Oath is not required by most modern medical schools.
China has been renowned for their ability to have kept some of the best records of it history, which can date all the way back to the 1500 B.C, from the Shang Dynasty. (Liangyue et al., 1987/1999). During the earliest times of Chinese medicine, they even tried to keep records of their work by engraving on bones and turtle shells using their hieroglyphs of acupuncture and moxibustion. During the Shang Dynasty (1776-1122 B.C) The development of the philosophy’s such as yin and yang and the five elements were developed during this time. Also, the physicians of this era had a good amount of understanding on the “pulse, blood, body fluid, qi, shen, essence, five sounds, five colors, five flavors, six qi, eight winds, etc., as well as the ideology
a. Ibn Sina (d.1037) was a Persian polymath who is considered to be one of the greatest philosophers of the Islamic golden age who contributed to many of the sciences such as medicine, chemistry, astronomy, philosophy, and many more. Al-Biruni (d. 1048) was also a Persian polymath who was, as well, regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval islamic era and therefore it is safe to say that Ibn Sina and Al-Biruni together have been regarded as the greatest scholastic and scientific thinkers throughout history. Before exploring Ibn Sina’s view on natural laws, let us first clarify what natural laws mean in the context oh philosophical studies. In order to believe in natural laws, one must first believe in God since God himself originally issues the natural laws. Ibn Sina’s theory of the “natural position”of celestial bodies asserts his belief of the natural law of the universe.
this was how India first trade but sea trade was popular. As well export India did also have a lot Important such as news, weapons, medicine (and lots more). Some of this was more vital than other such as the medicine. It was important India had the highest possible medicine knowledge, because if a sailor came back with some kind of disease it could have whipped out the whole population, this is why it was vital that Indian the latest medical knowledge. By the time silk was in the highest demand Indian was exporting it to Rome east African coast and the silk road, the roman empire though that the
Hospitals, schools, and well stocked libraries and teaching halls were built, and during the period of the ninth to eleventh century, medical practice became highly respected as it flourished. While much of their practices would seem primitive and ineffective today, it is said that the Muslim world had well surpassed the Greeks in knowledge, especially in the field of toxicology. However, in the latter part of the Middle Ages, the Middle East, as well as Europe, were devastated by the Bubonic Plague, or better known as the Black Death. Much of this world started to reject the rational approach to medical thinking, and gradually turned its attention to depending upon more supernatural elements to diagnose and treat illness. It is not until around the 18th century that the west will start to develop what we know as modern medicine with the use of biomedical research.