PROPOSITION 1: CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR IS LEARNT This proposition removes the roles of heredity, human nature and innovation as causes of deviant behaviour (Joubert et al., 2012:106). This suggests that behaviour is not inherited (genetic) or simply created, but rather it is learnt. By suggesting that criminal behaviour is learnt it is implies that such behaviour can be classified in same categories as any other behaviour that can be learnt (Siegel, 2002:237). This proposition
He changed the way criminology is viewed today. He believed that criminal behaviour came into effect from learning and communicating with others and not something inherited. He placed no emphasis on the media involvement. Definition Differential association studies the acts of a criminal as learned behaviour. It maintains that crime is the product of environmental influences on individuals who are otherwise psychologically as well as biologically normal (Joubert, S. J., Joubert, E., Ovens, M. 2009).
As a conclusion this essay will take into consideration whether the perspectives outlined are external or internal in their description of reasons for crime and deviance and try and determine the relevance of the arguments. Deviance according to Jary and Jary in the Dictionary of Sociology (2000) is any social behaviour that departs from that regarded as normal or socially acceptable in a society or social context. Deviance will include criminal behaviour; but it's scope is far wider than just criminal behaviour. Deviant behaviour is not necessary criminal - according to the legal code of a given society, culture or country. Crime is defined as an infraction of criminal law.
The humanist approach doesn’t describe deviance as a behavior, rather defining it by the reaction and it being a subjective experience. The positivists focus on the high consensus deviance, the deviance that the majority agrees upon, such as hurting yourself or someone else. They want to explain the behavior and believe that it’s caused by the social environment. One theory used to explain behavior by the positivists is control theory. Control theory helps explain “crime, deviance, and especially delinquency” (56) In 1969, Travis Hirschi developed control theory.
Question 1 1 out of 1 points Entrapment is a Procedural Defense Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Response Feedback: Correct Question 2 0 out of 1 points Differential association views crime as the product of socialization and sees it as being acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists. Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: True Response Feedback: Incorrect Question 3 1 out of 1 points Members of the Metropolitan Police were nicked named "snobbies". Answer Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False Response Feedback: Correct Question 4 0 out of 1 points Treason is an example of a inchoate offense. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: False Response Feedback: Incorrect Question 5 1 out of 1 points Computer crimes are sometimes called cybercrimes or information-technology crimes. Answer Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True Response Feedback: Correct Question 6 1 out of 1 points Albert Cohen coined the term "retreatist" to encompass the rejection of middle-class values by status-seeking lower-class youths who are not permitted access to approved opportunities.
Edwin H. Sutherland’s differential association theory is believed that an individual’s criminal behaviors were learned from their social and differential group organizations. Sutherland adopted the view that prevailing conception of crime as having multiple causes, including mental deficiency, broken homes, minority status, age, class, inadequate socialization, alcoholic parents and the like (Matsueda, 2000, p. 125). Sutherland stated that the differential theory has a set of nine propositions. These propositions introduce three concepts; the normative conflict, differential association, and differential group organization. These concept explain crime at levels of the society, the individual, and the group.
Differential association “Sutherland introduced the concept of differential association, which he developed into a theory to explain the process by which an individual engages in criminal behaviour” (http://www.oup.com/ us/pdf/reid/Reid_ Chapter6.pdf) which is the first of Akers key elements is differential association. This refers to ones exposure to, and interactions with, others. The impact of this exposure may vary according to the rate of recurrence, how long the exposure and the intensity of this exposure, to others. Definitions The second of Akers key elements is definitions. This element refers to attitudes or level of approval individuals hold regarding morals and laws in general as well as specific deviant behaviours.
Why Poverty leads to Crime – A Research about the “Social Structure Theory” By Daniel Rottlaender CJ200013 Professor Gene Overall 10/12/2014 Abstract: The purpose of this research is to explain and proof the Social Structure Theory, which says that poverty leads to crime. The first part of the paper contains an explanation what the Social Structure Theory is as well as the different schools of thought the theory provides. The second part of the paper is supposed to proof the theory by using statistics and theories why poverty leads to crime. The final paragraph provides a summary and a recommendation what the government should do in order to decrease crime rates. In order to write my essay I used different types of research.
Definition of Key Concepts 2.1 Criminal Profiling ( Hard evidence profiling) According to Turvey 1999, the process of inferring distinctive personality characteristics of individuals responsible for committing criminal acts has been commonly referred to as ‘criminal profiling.’ These include biographic details of the perpetrator, crime-scene analysis, and so on. 2.2 Criminological Profiling (Soft evidence profiling) According to Joubert, Hesselink & Marais 2003, criminological profiling is the assessment of criminal behaviour which includes assessing the victims’ credibility, motives & causes of the crime, modi operandi, personal & family background, post offence behaviour & appearances. 2.3 Risk Assessment The assessment of risk involves predicting how likely it is that the individual will in the future commit crime, or reoffend. 3. Main Views The main purpose of the profile is to investigate a crime in order to successfully apprehend the perpetrator, provide investigators with relevant leads & strategies & to help gain insight into the offenders state of mind before, during & after the commission of the crime, whereas the main objective of prediction is to identify the risk factors that are involved in reoffending &
Criminological studies tend to be gender biased and focus largely on crimes of the powerless (street crimes). Feminism and crimes of the powerful are just some of the concerns with relations to criminology. The presence of law- making, law- breaking, and law enforcing in criminology as well as crimes of the powerful will be further discussed in the following essay. Criminology as a science As an applied social science, criminology studies crime and its control through empirical research. This research forms the foundation for understanding, explanation, prediction, prevention and criminal justice policy.