French & Norse Influence On Middle English

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Thomas Debney W1254537 Assignment 1 Principles of Language Change [word count: 3,300] Explain how language contact, due to either migration or invasion, can promote language change. Draw your examples from the contact between English and two other languages of your choice. The primary concern of this essay is to investigate the impact that two foreign languages have had upon the English language, as the result of direct contact. To assess this claim, I will be focusing on the languages of Old Norse and Norman French (hereafter, Norse and French, respectively). Both of these languages greatly influenced how English underwent seismic grammatical changes, leading to its development from the synthetic/fusional complexity of Old English, into the simpler analytic/isolating structure of Middle English. This metamorphosis within the English language took place throughout the whole of the Middle Ages, and some considerable time before, encompassing the historical period c.870 AD to 1450 AD. The secondary aim of this essay will be to explore, in detail, where exactly in the language these changes took place. In seeking to answer this question, I will be appealing to the three areas of grammar germane to this assertion, i.e. morphology, phonology, and the lexicon. Syntax will be dealt with accordingly, for it is the area of linguistic change that was affected indirectly as the result of direct changes made to the three categories mentioned above. I shall begin by analyzing the impact made by the Scandinavian Vikings, both during and after the period of their initial invasions. Old English (hereafter, OE) was, in comparison to modern English, a legitimate ‘foreign’ language, thus rendering the proposition of a present-day speaker of English being in any way au fait with it quite improbable. The following summary by Trudgill (2010) gives an indication as to why

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