Disharmony might arise when people felt the system was not fair, for example, when large bonuses are paid to bankers during a recession. Parsons and inequality Parsons developed Durkheim’s ideas and said that: In industrialised societies stratification, and therefore inequality, exists on the basis of which roles are agreed by the most important, and therefore the most functional for society. The agreement occurs because people are socialised into the shared norms and values for society, initially by the family, and subsequently by education and the other agents. The value consensus that results is what holds society together and it gives it social order.
Freakonomics is a best-selling book written by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, and is made up of a series of essays in which economists and journalists apply basic principles of economics to demonstrate that information can often expose interesting truths about how the world operates. It uses the science of economics and specific data to challenge our assumptions about everything. Freakonomics reveals how incentives, motivations and risks play a major role in every day happenings in our society. Morality represents the way in which people would like the world to work- whereas Economics represents how it actually does work. One of the main fundamentals in this book is that “Incentives are the cornerstone of modern life”, and that the study of economics is the study of incentives: how people get what they want, or need, especially when other people want or need the same thing.
Thus the economic incentive to perform actions can be interpreted through several dimensions and perspectives. Levitt maintains that economists love incentives because they believe that incentives can fix just about any problem. He lists many incentives we react to during life, and what incentives urge people to do the right thing rather than the wrong thing. He also states that incentives “must be appropriate to be effective.” Lastly, Levitt discusses his theory that everyone cheats, in their own unique way. Many people try to find a way to beat the system, and spend their time thinking of ways of “getting more for less.” He discusses how this relates to education and testing, specifically how it might influence teachers to cheat to get a raise or keep their job.
In fact he goes on to say that it is bravery to remain skeptical and to accept one’s limitations. He points out that people generally confuse between necessary and causal. This may be caused because some read too much into things. The field of finance is evolving and this book provides a view from a different angle, taking analogies from the financial markets very often. Taleb rarely points out data or figures in defense of his arguments and defends the same by saying that it is a mistake to use statistics without logic, but not vice versa.
It is believed that people commit crimes because of the effects of drugs. This counts for purchasing and/or selling drugs. We see from research that there are theories which explain the effects of drug usage on crime. I studied the chapter on explaining drug crime with the Criminological Theory. From this, we see that the criminological theory examines crime, criminals, and the environment in an effort to explain criminal behavior.
As a result, the groups will persistently stand for the policies that they support and try to convince the public. The second reason is that people have a tendency to ignore the long-term effects of specific policies and only concentrate on the short-term effects. In other words, they overlook secondary consequences. Many economists today tend to observe the short-term effects of policies which leads to discrepancies in ideas which results in confusion and fallacies because they exclude the long-term effects. According to Hazlitt, economics can be described in one lesson: “The art of economics consists in looking not merely at the immediate but at the longer effects of any act or policy; it consists in tracing the consequences of that policy not merely for one group but for all groups.” Hazlitt discusses many applications of his lesson and indications of the fallacies in their nature.
As such, he believed that scientific management approaches could benefit from focusing on the need to motivate workers, whilst motivational approaches could also benefit from greater managerial control. As such, he argued that theory X and theory Y simply represented different ends of a continuum of approaches to improving productivity, and managers should not fix themselves to one end of the continuum. Both theory X and theory Y state that managers are responsible for assembling and organising the various factors of production, including their employees, with the goal being to produce maximum economic benefit for the shareholders. However, they take different views around the drivers of employee behaviour. Theory X According to theory X, the average employee is lazy, does not like to work, and will attempt to avoid having to work as much as possible.
If you want to know what is happening in the world, you need to understand economics. Understanding economics is valuable because it helps us to develop strategies that manage scarcity. Policies hinge on normative issues, however, if economists architect policies aimed at achieving goals set by policy makers, their pursuit can be positive in nature. We can assess policies by how well they achieve goals, but positive economics cannot define whether any goal is good or bad. The interactions of positive theory, empirical facts, normative goals, and economic policies are multifarious.
In contrast, capitalism is the social system which relies on the free market and private enterprise as the solution for a better society, implying economic inequality as a moral and as a human right. Based on the ground of moral principles, capitalism in contrast to socialism is deemed more suitable to a moral society, since it brings prosperity, opportunity and wealth to every individual based on their own abilities, work, reasoning and thought. For this reason, capitalism is a moral social system and should be adapted by any society. Firstly, we should define what morality is to capitalists and what ethical standards are used to judge a social system. As the philosopher and author, Dr. Peikoff, mentions: “…the standard of morality is man’s life-that which man requires in order to sustain his life.
Though this may not be directly connected to middle school students it will still have an impact to them in life. Homework also creates stress. Stress from working too long, stress from anxiously hoping to get a good grade. WORD COUNT: 294 TOTAL: 294 It is estimated that 75% of student visits to the doctor are partly stress related. Thus pupils are not going to do as well as they could as a result of the sickness from the stress of their