If you were using the cognitive approach you would only get qualitative data which could be a problem as not everyone interprets the same answer in the same way. This would be more objective. This would also mean it is not valid as you are measuring why you think
Underreporting occurs due to individuals being dishonest regarding their behavior, therefore causing an error in the research done. A possible solution to this limitation is focusing on observed behavior, and correlating the findings with the self-reporting behavior, therefore developing a conclusion that is more in-depth. Furthermore, Article 2 emphasized that other factors can influence self-labeling as a victim in relation to work-place bullying, not just anxiety and anger. In addition, discovering a moderation effect regarding negative acts of violence and self-labeling is hard to discover due to the psychological way an individual may experience an event. Lastly, Article 3 honed on the lack of variances of deviant behavior.
When a person suffers with psychological distress the way in which they interpret situations can become skewed, which in turn has a negative impact on the actions they take. He named these cognitions "automatic thoughts" because he believed that people were not necessarily aware that the cognitions existed, but that they could identify these types of thoughts when questioned closely. Beck believed that pushing his clients to identify these automatic thoughts was integral to overcoming a particular difficulty (Westbrook et al, 2007). Beck was later influenced by Ellis in his work around Behavioural Therapy and the idea that people can overcome psychological issues by altering the way they perceive an experience and in turn use this to change their attitude and behaviour towards experiences which enable the person to have positive feelings instead of negative. Becks studies found that patients’ automatic thoughts fell into three categories, the patients had negative ideas about themselves, the world and/or the future and these thoughts could lead to anxiety and depression.
The text states that euphemisms and weaselers have uses but only if we are speaking, writing, listening, and reading carefully could we even distinguish prejudicial uses of these devices. It further states that photographs and other images are not claims or valid arguments but can be used to affect the reader’s decision making. They are invalid because a photograph may not state the exact truth and can be used to mislead the viewer. 3. What are some methods you might use to determine the reliability of the data you gather?
Abstract This paper will attempt to explore two different viewpoints on the use of deception in human participants for social psychological experiments. The paper will compare and contrast two different articles that have conflicting views on the topic. Alan C. Elms, the author of a pro- deception article views deception as just, ethical, and even necessary tool of social psychology; however he does assert a very strong degree of caution, and care when implementing deception in an experimental design (1985). Opposite Elms, Diana Baumrind views deception as unethical and unfair to unsuspecting subjects who are unaware of such “trickery”. She debates that the harm done to the individual, society, and to the profession are at times irreversible or to great and outweigh possible benefit from the study.
We will compare and contrast the different scenarios and information of all three sources to make up our own analysis of reality and knowledge. The similarities in these three scenarios are obvious. Descartes, in the Meditation on First Philosophy, 1641 and Neo, in The Matrix, started feeling skeptical about life, questioning life itself. They faced doubts about the reality of what they were seeing, skeptical of the reliability of their senses. Thinking that they were facing the possibility of a dream and not reality, they believed that they were unconsciously living manipulated by deception.
People placing limitations on the person with the sensory loss can be disabling, for example, believing that a blind person can’t manage alone or that deaf people are funny because of the way they talk. These attitudes and beliefs can prevent the person being included in society as an equal. This can then have a negative effect on the person and lead them to believing that they have
These models provide an important and informative framework for understanding how different individuals approach integration. Enemies are those who believe that integration is not possible. This is an antagonistic model that sees these two disciplines as an either/or position. The Spies model is also antagonistic, yet has the goal of appropriating whatever might be useful from psychology and theology that would help people. Spies come from both sides with similar goals for the information they spy out.
The Enemies model takes an either/or position on the psychology of human beings versus the theology of human beings (Entwistle, 2010, p.137). The Spies model is more interested in uncovering the psychology of the religious system rather than holding on to orthodox theology (Entwistle, 2010, p.137). Colonialist model borrow selective findings from psychology, but they do so as outsiders and pilferers (Entwistle, 2010). Lastly, Neutral parties’ model allows psychological theories and findings to exist on their own merits (Entwistle, 2010). These models serves to assist readers in understanding their standpoints, whether for integrating both disciplines, against integrating them, or having a neutral opinion as to being able to integrate theology and psychology.
Loftus reveals several examples where people have been through incidents where their memory has failed to tell the truth. The experiment show how awful the results can be if the individual exposes inaccurate information. Loftus also demonstrates how memory is prone to error and that individuals can occasionally make errors in what they remember. One reason error occurs is that individual are having problems retrieving and storing information correctly. This mainly occurs because people do not pay close enough attention to the details around them.