Fiber Optic cabling is the other type of cabling solution we talked about. Fiber optics uses a glass or plastic core to transmit light between each connection. Because we are using light instead of an electrical current, fiber is immune electromagnetic to interference. Fiber is also able to send data at faster speeds and longer distances than copper cabling. Fiber is harder to work with and usually needs a specialized technician to install the connections.
This IC is a great little part, and contains a lot of circuitry that helps us get on the air with minimal fuss, and great sound. This IC not only contains a stereo multiplexer, but also a phase locked loop (PLL), audio filters, and equalization capabilities. The audio filter portion adds a little more low-pass filtering to increase audio quality beyond what the external low pass filter can accomplish. The equalization portion enhances the high frequencies for the radio standard of 75uS in the US. 75uS is the time constant used for a high-pass filter to enhance the high frequency audio before transmission to help reduce noise upon reception.
Fiber can also carry over a longer distance with low attenuation. They can range from 300 meters to 40 kilometers. Fiber cables also give more security; it doesn’t radiate signals and is very hard to tap. A couple of disadvantages would be the cost of the fiber optic wire and the weight. One of the biggest disadvantages is not being able to make connections as easy as the copper.
The use of microelectronics has reduced the cost of digital techniques and now makes digital methods feasible and cost-effective such as in the field of human-machine communication by voice. [7] The main differences between analogue and digital electronics are Noise Because of the way information is encoded in
All lenses have a principal axis which is a line which passes through the middle of the lens. The focal points of all lenses are in front and behind the lens and are where the light rays initially parallel to the principal axis meet. This directly affects the focal length. Factors the affect focal length | How it affects focal length | Thickness | The thicker the lens is the more the light will be refracted creating a shorter focal length. | Medium | Light travels at different speeds in different mediums, as they can be more or less dense.
It operates by the passage of a light beam (a stream of photons) through a sample and the measurement of that light intensity by the spectrophotometer detector. When the photon is encountered by the analyte, there is the chance of photon absorption which reduces the light intensity that originally entered the solution (5). The λmax value yield by the solution absorbance spectrum provides information on the electronic structure of the analyte as the wavelength at λmax is characteristic to that solution. The Beer’s lambert Law relates the amount of light absorbed to the concentration of the solution absorbing the light as the linear relationship (2): A = A(1%1cm) x c x l Where A represents the Absorbance of the solution at λmax, A(1%1cm) is the Absorbance Coefficient (mg-1cm2) , c represents the Concentration (mg cm3) and l is the path length of
The bulbs create less heat during use, which can lead to lower cooling costs and its green friendly, decreases amount of energy used by 5%. Laser Transmitter Laser transmitter have a much smaller and tighter light input and can be easily coupled to single mode fibers, this makes the laser transmitter perfect for longer distances and high speed links. Laser has a high bandwidth capability some are used up to 10GHz or 10Gbps this makes Laser transmitters more expensive. Laser Transmitters have a narrow spectral output that suffers very little chromatic dispersion. Laser Transmitters avoid interference because the frequencies between the lasers have narrow beams that are less likely to have significant side lobes that could introduce interference.
Spread spectrum transmission is the process of spreading a signal across a certain frequency domain, giving the signal more bandwidth. This technique is important since it addresses concerns of security, jamming, noise, and natural interference. It also has a lower power requirement and is able to transmit more information than narrowband transmission. Spread spectrum transmission is accomplished by a modulation technique known as frequency hopping (FHSS). Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) * What is it?
One major consideration when planning cable duct and trays is the bending radius, the bends must have smooth curves. Although conduits can still be used inside the building, so when a cable is pulled into a conduit, the conduit’s bending radius must be larger than the cable’s minimum bending radius for loaded conditions. Direct burial, aerial and blown fiber installations. Most common is the use of direct burial installations for long cross-country installations. The cables are plowed in or buried in
This light is lost in the cladding of the receiving optical fiber. Core diameter mismatch loss is typically only a concern with multimode optical fiber. To avoid core diameter mismatch make sure to check the cores of your fiber and make sure they are the same size to the best you can. Intrinsic factors that can affect connection performance in fiber-optics come in many types. A numerical aperture (NA) mismatch occurs when the NA of one optical fiber is different from the NA of the other optical fiber.