One psychosocial explanation suggests that gender dysphoria is linked to some childhood trauma or maladaptive upbringing. Coates et al produced a case history of a boy who had developed GID. They proposed that the boy’s disorder was a defensive reaction to his mother’s depression following an abortion. The trauma happened when the boy was only 3, which is the age in which children are particularly sensitive to gender issues. Coates et al propose that the trauma led to a cross gender fantasy as a means of resolving the ensuing anxiety.
Bateson et al (1956) suggested that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia e.g. a mother hugs her child but then disapprovingly tells him off for being “clingy”. This is known as the double-bind theory. There is evidence to support the double-bind theory. Berger found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double-bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics.
This supports Bowlby's theory of sensitive period. There was another study conducted by Stout, Stout conducted a study of Romanian orphans who had experienced severe conditions and found that they later suffered permanent psychological damage, including no ability to interact with people and increased aggression. Psychologists successfully showed the impacts of institutionalisation; a strength of Hodges and Tizards study was that it was longitudinal so the researchers were able to see how the institution affected the children over many years. However a weakness of this longitudinal method involves attrition, where many of the children may have left the study because they were well adjusted, therefore resulting in a biased remaining sample - children with pleasant behaviour are more likely to be adopted. Some research suggests that individuals who do not form a primary attachment within the early sensitive period are unable to recover, however, in the study of romanian orphans, one third recovered well therefore privation alone cannot explain negative outcomes.
There are a lot of gender differences in patterns of crime, from which gender commit more crime to which crimes each gender commits more of. In this essay I will be giving explanations on why this different patterns in crime for gender happen. Men have a higher crime rate than women but the gap in this crime rate is slowly closing in recent years. Some Sociobiologists have the explanation that it is biological for the reason women are less likely to commit crimes than men. They argue that women have a more natural desire to be caring and this does not correspond to the values of crime, so they are less likely to offend due to them not having the nature to commit the crime.
This diagnosis is based on Sara exhibiting signs of depression in teenagers. These signs include: “sudden drop in grades” (Web M.D. , 2012), rebellious behavior, social withdrawal, and persuasive trouble in relationships. It is thought that Sara would benefit from group therapy. Teen group therapy allows teens to see how other teens handle their problems.
When the stranger comforts the infant after being left alone, the infant calmed down unlike in type B. Type C is the ‘insecure – anxious resistant’ category. A child who falls into this category is anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present. When the mother leaves the infant gets extremely distressed. When the mother returns, the infant gives mixed signals.
At an early age boys tend to be more aggressive than girls, due to the ability to socialize being easier for girls than for boys thereby, creating gender difference in antisocial behavior. Also at an earlier age girls are more apt to show empathy and guilt than males. This difference may also include parenting and the way the parents respond to a difficult child, the mother being more empathetic to the child than the
Describe and evaluate Ainsworth's work on attachment (12 marks) In 1978 Ainsworth et al studied the reactions of young children to brief separations from their mother in order to determine the nature of attachment behaviours and types of attachments Ainsworth’s procedure is known as the strange situation. In the study she conducted she use controlled observation infants were exposed to a sequence of 3 minute-episodes. The total observation period lasted for approximately 25 minutes. First the infant and mother were introduced to the observation room by the researcher, then the researcher left the room. After a while a stranger entered and had a brief conversation with the mother.
2. In what sense, according to conflict theorists, is rape less an act of deviance and more of an act of over conformity to cultural expectations? Do you agree with this analysis? 3. Despite the fact that girls do better than boys at school, boys have higher expectations and higher self esteem than girls, a gap that continues with each year of schooling.
One U.S. study found that parents with documented substance abuse, most commonly alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were much more likely to mistreat their children, and were also much more likely to reject court-ordered services and treatments (Besharov, 1990). Children with a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing psychiatric problems, or a disorganized attachment style. Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms, as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting out