Explanation of Relevant Spoken Word Features

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Definitions Adjacency pair: Replying to questions Back-channelling: A way of showing a speaker that you are following what they are saying and understand, often through interjections like I see, yes, OK and uhuh Competitive overlap: interrupting to defy Cooperative overlap: interrupting to support Elision: missing out sound when you speak Ellipsis: missing out words False start/repair: starting a topic and then changing it to something else Filter/voiced pause: sounds filling the pause such as umm and err Micropause: A really small pause to draw breath Non-fluency feature: normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the ‘flow’ of talk. Some examples: hesitations, false starts, fillers, repetitions [though can be used for emphasis], overlaps and interruptions. Paralinguistic feature: hand gestures, body language Prosodic feature: the vocal aspects of speech (pitch, stress, speed, volume) that contribute to meaning Pause: Turn-taking: a turn is a time during which a single participant speaks, within a typical, orderly arrangement in which participants speak with minimal overlap and gap between them. The principal unit of description in conversational structure. Utterance: an utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence Dialect: the distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of a language Sociolect: a dialect spoken by a group of people usually divided by social class. In the UK, some people sound very "posh" which means they use a higher class dialect, and some people sound "common" which refers to a lower more working class dialect Idiolect: an individual’s own personal language. Some people have a varied vocabulary, some people are very repetitive. Some people are long winded; some are straight to the
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