The Articles of Confederation were created as a new central government form after the American Revolution. The Articles still consisted of problems, specifically financial ones. Hamilton proposed a plan that would put U.S. finances on a stable foundation. He planned to lower national debt and strengthen the national credit because he believed that "a national debt was a national blessing". However, some people, such as Jefferson and small farmers opposed his ideas, because they believed in states' rights and a strict interpretation of the constitution, which led to the split of two different political parties.
He introduced this tax to the whole country and misused it by not using it for ship money. So people had to pay money to Charles when they barley had money for themselves. This caused argument because people in parliament didn’t pay and the case was taken to court but Charles’s tax was ruled legal. The most obvious reason for the civil war is power. Divine right also comes in to power.
He required that his subjects “loan him the equivalent of five subsidies” and although it was “opposed by significant numbers in the localities,” the taxation still occurred as the government had “employed all its powers to eliminate resistance”. Moreover, the Forced Loan only happened as a result of Charles dismissing the 1626 Parliament, forfeiting his opportunity of obtaining further grants for his wartime expenditure. Parliament had already been antagonised by Charles’ decision to dismiss them and now that Charles was forcing taxation on others in order to fund his wartime expenditure, due to disastrous foreign policy which Parliament largely disagreed with, it is clear that the Forced Loan had worsened relations greatly. In addition to this, the financing of foreign policy also affected the relationship between Crown and Parliament. As stated previously, the Forced Loan existed to fund England’s wars considering that Parliament was reluctant to grant Charles further subsidies.
However after Karakazov attempts to assassinate the Tsar in 1866, he becomes much more autocratic, revealing that he had no intention of significantly developing politics, his use of the Zemstvas were in fact to help sustain autocracy, through making local administration more efficient. It can be suggested from this that Alexander II had put the Zemstva Act in place to appease the nobles angered by the Emancipation Act. Alexander III was much more of a successful autocrat. His reactionary attitude led to the reversal of many of his father’s liberal reforms, and was in some cases angered by them. Alexander III re-implements Tsarist form, through the use of repression and terror.
The election for the coalition results in 76% supporting pro-Weimar parties, showing that the opposition and threats to the government had settled. People in Germany were no longer looking for extremist parties which was proved by the failure of the right-wing coalition. In theory the coalitions should have worked well with the cooperation from all parties. However, the SPD were reluctant to work with other parties subsequently weakening the democracy. This proves the political instability of Germany in this period as they were the largest party in the Reichstag but still refused to cooperate.
This could be because of two things: the war or the unsustainability of his policies. First of all, the war would have most definitely affected coal output as lots of workers would have been taken from their workstations and drafted into the army. On the other hand, it is more likely that the dip from 35.4 million tonnes to 33.8 million tonnes is a consequence of his loans from foreign investors, such as Britain. This is supported by the rate of industrial growth in Russia from 1890-99 the annual average growth rate was 8% an increase from 6.1% in the years 1885-89 but, 1900-06 it was 1.4% a severe decrease, which can
The main one being the political support for the Tsar, which, arguably due to Stolypin’s reign, had increased largely by 1914 from 1905; this suggests that Stolypin improved the level of support and trust from the Russian population after their 1905 Revolution. Although it must be considered that this may not be a direct result of Stolypin, this could have been to other factors such as other ministers etc. Another improvement that Stolypin may have been responsible for in terms of stabilising political unrest was reflected in the decline in membership numbers of political parties and trade unions and radical groups. In 1907 there were 300,000 Union members whereas by 1914 the number had dropped considerably to only 40,000 Union members which suggests that the Russian population were happier with the way things were being run (as a result of Stolypin’s policies) and that they felt less of a need to voice complaints. However such a significant drop in numbers could have actually been a result of the government’s use of the Okhrana (secret police) which used fear to instil obedience and so to a limited extent as a result of Stolypin actually solving the political problems in Russia.
Liberal Social Reforms;why the Liberals had to introduce social reform after 1906 and the impact of these Causes of Reform ~ 1. Need –
Bismarck’s main reasoning for following Kulturkampf was to keep hold of his influence, which he felt was threatened by the Centre Party, and he felt that K would prevent any uprising. However it is the result of K that made it unsuccessful for Bismarck because the Anti-Catholic Stance endangered good foreign relations with Austria and spiritually the Catholic Church thrived, and there was a political increase in the representation of the Centre Party in the Reichstag- 1871: 58 seats 1890: 106 seats. This meant that Bismarck lost support, the National Liberal‘s seats in the Reichstag decreased from 125 se, whilst
Before the first world war had started the Germans over spent and went into a massive deficit because they thought that when the won the war they would inherit the country and its wealth. Therefore this justified the government printing large amounts of money in order to fund their cause. Another cause is the war reparations which they had to pay back was agreed at 60 billion marks in order to pay for this more money was printed, could this mean that it was pressure from other countries that were to blame. Though not the worst hyperinflation ever it did have some of the most devastating effects. In 1914 the exchange rate of the dollar to the pound was $1 to 1mark, by 1923 the exchange rate was $1 to 1trillion marks.