Church - State Relations under Hitler and Mussolini. (What were the main developments in church-state relations under Hitler and Mussolini? 2010) Both Hitler and Mussolini were not religious men. However, in both Italy and Germany, the Church was seen as a source of huge power, with a wide influence. The Catholic Church was not alarmed at the rise of fascism, as it combated Communism, which was feared greatly by the church.
John (Jack) O’Connell American C. II P. Galgano 08/15/12 U.S. entry and efforts in WW1 When World War 1 erupted in 1914. Woodrow Wilson announced on August 4th, 1914 that the U.S. would stay out of the controversy and remain a neutral role in World War 1. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of the Austria-Hungary Empire by Serbia ignited the domino affects that lead the U.S. into WW1. The Austria-Hungary Empire had the Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy. Germany at the time was the most powerful single country in Europe, but it’s weak allies required Germany’s support on their various fronts.
By 1531 the Schmalkaldic League was set up as a united defence alliance by protestant princes in response to Charles’s threat of eradicating Lutheranism. Despite the failure of the league itself in 1547, it is considered a success in the way that Lutheranism was now exclusively established and was growing ever more powerful, and could not be eradicated by a brute force. By the end of the Reformation in 1555 Lutheranism was finally recognised as a valid religion by Charles due to the previous treaty the Peace of Augsburg which was primarily a princely movement. The princes were significant in creating an atmosphere in which Lutheranism was successful in that they were able to respond well to Luther’s theological ideas. The German Princes established a national figurehead who they could look to for ideology and bravery to drive the Reformation.
Most parts of Germany were under princes who were under Charles V, the holy Roman. After Martin Luther posted the 95 theses, some German princes supported Luther. They were known as Protestants. Those who continued to support the Catholic faith were the loyals. Charles V waged war on Protestant princes.
The man who first rebelled against the Catholic Church was a man named Martin Luther. He did this by creating the 95 Thesis. Thesis number 32 states that “Those who believe that, through letters of pardon indulgences, they are made sure of their own salvation, will be eternally damned along with their teachers”. The 95 Thesis were reasonable and fair to all of England, unlike the Catholic Churches new rules. Henry VIII thought of the idea to challenge the church from Martin Luther.
Martin Luther started this reformation by posting his 95 thesis to the door of the church. Luther believed that selling indulgences was wrong and that only faith alone Jesus Christ can earn yourself salvation. Luther’s cause was aided when King Henry joined the reformation and created the Anglican church. King Henry made the church because the pope would not let him divorce his wife so he could get an heir to the
Martin Luther in On Christian Freedom wrote, “For Holy Scripture makes no distinction between them, except that those who are now boastfully called popes, bishops, and lords….” He said that Pope or bishop are no different than other people. The Condemnation of Wycliffe 1382 and Wycliffe's Reply, 1384, Wycliffe wrote, “That if a man has been truly repentant, all external confession is superfluous to him or useless.” Wycliffe presented his view on Catholic Church and was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XI because Wycliffe asserted that people do not need bishop for
Where he ended up demanding that the Lutherans return to the Catholic Church in 1531. This caused some Lutheran princes to form an alliance called the Schmalkadic League, where they vowed to help eachother when they needed it. They formed this alliance because they began to fear Charles' intentions. This whole process through religion began to divide the empire into two different territories. Charles had a conservative way of thinking.
(1) Martin Luther, 95 Theses - How does Luther portray the role of the Pope in is 95 theses? Luther portrays the idea that the Pope is incapable of forgiving sins held within people. He states that the pope’s forgiveness should “by no means be disregarded” but his forgiveness is not the most important idea. As Christians should be taught not to rely on indulgence, Luther highlights that the pope should not forgive to those who are against him. This is reinforced by the idea that there is no “great blessing” that can be done if the pope continued to forgive “every believer a hundred times a day”.
What was Bismarck's vision domestically for the united Germany? How successful was he achieving his aims? Germany was unified in 1871 by Prussia's supremacy against France in the Franco-Prussian war. Under the reign of Kaiser William I (1871-1888), Bismarck was the most powerful man in the Empire and dominated the government of the Reich. He wanted a new constitution, the army to be well maintained, religion to be subordinated against the united Germany, Prussia to be economically strengthened and to curb the growth of socialism.