p.286. no 10.- Two hundred draws will be made at random with replacement from the box -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 (a) If the sum of the 200 numbers drawn is 30, what is their average? (b) If the sum of the 200 numbers drawn is –20, what is their average? (c) In general, how can you figure the average of the 200 draws, if you are told their sum? (d) There are two alternatives: (i) Winning $1 if the sum of the 200 numbers drawn is between –5 and +5 6 Winning $1 if the average of the 200 numbers drawn is between –0.025 and +0.025.
Voters mark one ‘X’ in each column, although voters are not required to make a second choice if they do not wish to. All the first choices are then counted, and if a candidate has a majority, they are elected. The wining candidate in the election must gain a minimum of 50 per cent of all votes cast. If no candidate receives a majority, the top two candidates continue to a second round and all other candidates are eliminated. The second-choice votes of everyone whose first choice has been eliminated are then counted.
A simple party-list PR system is used in the UK for the European Parliament. A different Additional Member System (AMS) is used to elect the Scottish parliament and the Welsh Assembly. There are several important differences and the principle of proportionality is applied quite differently between the two. The single transferable vote system is used to elect the district councils (since 1973) and the MEPs in Northern Ireland, and the local government councils in Scotland (since 2007). The extent to which an electoral system is PR-based depends on the number of candidates elected per constituency and the existence of any thresholds for successful election.
‘Referenda and other forms of direct democracy, represent a more democratic form of participation than the opportunity to vote in elections’ Discuss. 25 mark past paper question Referenda require the electorate to answer a specific ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question and are held on specific issues. They can only be initiated by the government and are a form of direct democracy in an overall representative democracy. Other forms of direct democracy are; initiatives, recall elections and e-petitions. Initiatives are a form of direct democracy which allows referenda to be initiated by the citizens of a state (through a petition of registered voters where in California e.g.
This report will explain one selection process which describes each stage of the process. It will identify to which level of government it relates and explanation will be detailed. Also report will explain detailed comparison of points that compares the election process for UK general election and European election. General Elections General election in the UK is parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. Queen or King is a head of state, but they don’t have much power and prime minister is head of government.
The President is elected by a voting process similar to those in Presidential systems. In order to become President in Russia, a candidate must receive 50% of votes or more. If this does not occur then the top two receivers of votes will have another election and the consequent winner becomes the President elect. In this type of system, the President acts as the head of state and with the approval of the Parliament he/she decides who should become the Prime Minister. The legislative power is instilled in the Federal Assembly,
a) What is a referendum? A referendum or plebiscite is a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been put to them for a direct decision. Referendums usually consist of a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question, the result of the referendum decided by the majority result. The questions may be multiple however, requiring the electorate to list their preferences, or the referendum may be a ‘qualified referendum’ – in that a certain condition has been placed on it that it has to meet for it be valid, such as a bench-mark turnout requirement. It is one of the few forms of direct democracy in representative democracies like the UK.
This was then followed by The Great Reform Act of 1832, where they introduced a system for the election of MP's, by the 20th century Britain had its separate parties.Then in 1945 the first truly modern election manifesto appeared with a clear program of reform and thus made representation farer. For representative democracy, each MP represents a constituency (incluiding N.Ireland and Scotland) they are expected to represent the interests of the constituency and make its constituents feel like they will be listened to and f needed solve their problems. An MP does not have to be part of a party therefore can have its own ideas on what is best for its constituents and can also use Burkean representation (expect to also use own judgement of best interests of its constituents, he should not be expected to follow instructions of those who elected him). If an MP is part of a party, they can retain independence within the party sturcture as for example in the 19th century, this was described as the 'golden age of the British MP' in doing so, they influenced over government policy. In certain
‘If it isn’t broken don’t fix it.’ Discuss with reference to the electoral systems used for national elections in the UK and USA. The first past the post systems used in both the USA and the UK unquestionably have the potential to produce election results that are not representative of the break down of total votes in an election, providing results that don’t reflect voter wishes. One may argue that the electoral systems used in both the USA and UK marginalize minorities, causes wasted, insignificant votes and promote voter apathy. However despite the numerous criticisms of first past the post it has continued to be the system in place to decide the President in the USA and dictate which party forms government, and thus which party leader becomes Prime Minister in the UK, suggesting the system has its advantages. Proponents of the UK and US voting methods also often cite the lack of a credible alternative as a reason for the retention of the current systems.
It is in fact possible to identify three different behaviours of the voters. Sincere voters cast their ballot for their most preferred party or candidate, not considering its chances to actually win the election (or a seat at least). Sophisticated ones base their votes on the expected utility according to a party or a candidate and its probability of success. Sophisticated voters usually pay attention to previous elections and surveys. The third type of voters is the one voting for the frontrunner, according to previous elections or polls.