Two of the earliest forms of Cognitive behavioral Therapy were Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive Therapy Assumptions: • Abnormal behavior is caused by abnormal thinking processes • We interact with the world through our mental representation of it • If our mental representations are inaccurate or our ways of reasoning are inadequate then our emotions and behavior may become disordered The cognitive therapist teaches clients how to identify distorted cognitions through a process of evaluation. The clients learn to discriminate between their own thoughts and reality. They learn the influence that cognition has on their feelings, and they are taught to recognize observe and monitor their own thoughts. The behavior part of the therapy involves setting
1. Tasers are a less lethal option than guns or other forms of force It has been claimed that Tasers are less lethal than guns and often safer than the use of physical force. In June 2011 the United States National Institute of Justice issued a report into its study of deaths following electro-muscular disruption (Taser-jolting). The Institute concluded, 'All evidence suggests that the use of CEDs carries with it a risk as low as or lower than most alternatives.' The Institute further stated, 'CED use is associated with a significantly lower risk of injury than physical force, so it should be considered as an alternative in situations that would otherwise result in the application of physical force.'
A variety of theories have sought to explain schizophrenia at the psychological level. One being the psychodynamic approach which follows a fixed set of assumptions such as the role of unconscious processes and the psychodynamic conflict in which different parts of the mind are in constant dynamic struggle with each other and the consequences of this struggle are important in understanding behaviour. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of schizophrenia involves two related processes, regression to a pre-ego stage and attempts to establish ego control. Freud believed that schizophrenia is caused when trauma from unresolved conflict between the id, ego, and superego is repressed into the unconscious and this causes regression to an earlier stage of psychosexual development. Fixation and regression means that the ego is not fully developed and so the individual may be dominated by the id or the superego, and because the ego is weak the individual will lack a sound basis in reality.
The effects of depression are characterized by an intense feeling of sadness, guilt, feeling of worthlessness, difficulties in sleep, drug and alcohol abuse. One theoretical explanation of depression is Ellis’s Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) in which he is focusing on his cognitive ABC model, which he has introduced in the 1950s, as an alternative to the psychoanalysis. Ellis considered that depression arises as the final stage in a three point sequence. According to Ellis’ ABC model, depression does not arise as a direct result of an unpleasant event, but it is produced by the irrational thoughts triggered by unpleasant events. He recommends that people break down their experience into these three areas in order to discover if “distortions” or "irrational beliefs" are present.
Explain how issues of validity and/or reliability may affect the classification and/or diagnosis of schizophrenia [10] Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder. This means it’s a loss of contact with reality, consistent with serious mental illness which typically includes delusions, hallucinations and disordered thinking. The disorder was first identified by Kraeplin(1986) who used the term ‘Dementia Praecox’. Bleuler (1911) later coined the term schizophrenia, which means split (schizo) mind (phrenia). Classification involves identifying groups or patterns of behavioural symptoms that occur together to form a type of mental disorder (e.g.
In other words, a person’s experience or behavior is caused by how the situation is interpreted. During psychotherapy with CBT, the therapist works with the patient in modifying the dysfunctional thinking that causes the symptoms. Also, the therapist works to modify the underlying beliefs that are causing the dysfunctional thinking. The “General Cognitive Model” states that first a situation occurs, then a person has automatic thoughts and automatic images, and finally the person reacts emotionally or behaviorally. Another important aspect of CBT is the “Cognitive Triad,” which says that most dysfunctional thinking falls under one of three categories: Negative view of the self, negative view of the future, or negative view of the world.
Some suffer from mood disorders, fearfulness, impulsiveness and extreme anxiety. Psychosis, on the other hand, can actually control the patients personality. Schizophrenia is the most commonly known. This results in visions and/or voices in their head. Behavior learned through the interaction of others is viewed as the Behavioral Theory.
Lists of indicators are not exhaustive and to be used carefully and sensitively in the assessment of vulnerability and risk. People who are abused may develop a pattern of behaviour that they feel will reduce the chances of the abuse re-occurring. This needs to be borne in mind when trying to understand why a person is behaving in a certain way. It is important to remember that abuse occurs where there
According to T.Davies and T.Craig (2009, p45), Paranoid Schizophrenia is one of the most common subtypes of the psychotic illness which affects the individuals variation of emotion, thinking and behaviour. Through extensive research, this essay will uncover the definition of paranoid schizophrenia, its manifestations and possible causes. Key issues such as symptoms, epidemiology, prevalence, co-morbidity, prognosis, treatment and interventions will also be critically reviewed and discussed. Lastly, this essay will also analyse guidelines, policies and regulations that influence interventions and the effects of paranoid schizophrenia on the individual, their families, carers and friends. There are various subtypes of schizophrenia such as undifferentiated, residual, simple, other and unspecified schizophrenia with the three most common being Paranoid, Hebephrenic and Catatonic Schizophrenia (C.Gamble and G.Brenan 2006, p100).
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which there is a distortion of reality. There are many different explanations for schizophrenia and therefore a number of different treatments based on these explanations which aim to address these different explanations. Some psychologists believe that schizophrenia is due to abnormal neurochemistry and proposed the dopamine hypothesis. This biological approach suggests that schizophrenia can be treated using drug treatments. Chlorpromazine is a type of phenothiazine which is a neuroleptic.