In addition he suggested the idea of monotropy, which is the suggestion that infants tend to direct attachment behaviours towards a single attachment figure, and that there is one special bond and this is typically between a mother and its child. The attachment being two ways is very important, and Bowlby believed that both parties should find satisfaction and enjoyment from the relationship. He suggested that babies are born programmed to behave in ways that will make attachments easier to form, for example they will display behaviour that encourages attention from adults, these include smiling and cooing etc. These are known as social releasers because the point of
Reinforcement is used to help increase the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future by delivering a stimulus immediately after a response or behavior is exhibited Each category has benefits when appropriately used, but can easy turn into abuse or neglect. Three major types of reinforcement are physical, verbal, and resource driven, each can be manipulated into positive or negative. In today’s society is it frowned upon to physically discipline your children, either spanking or smacking. It is viewed as a barbaric action. However unpopular it is, distinct differences can be observed between children who have been physically negatively reinforced and those who have not.
2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Theories of development: Cognitive Piaget was working on an intelligence test when he noticed that children consistently gave similar wrong answers to some questions, and he began to consider why this was. Piagets theory of learning is sometimes referred to as a constructivist approach. According to Piagets theory, there are four stages of learning, these are: Assimilation. In this stage the child constructs a theory (Schema) Equilibrium. The childs experiences so far seem to fit the schema, everything balances.
"Emotions pose an interesting problem for young language learners because they refer, in part, to unobservable internal feeling states"(Cervantes & Callanan, 1998 pg.88). The ability to show emotions starts to some extent with young babies. Children's emotions begin to develop more as they get older. Children learn from our society the standards which have been set regarding the types of emotions which are suitable for each gender (Cervantes & Callanan, 1998 pg.89). Boys are lead to believe they need to be stronger and more emotionless then girls.
Commercials are about promoting and selling to one kind of audience, children. Their product must be appealing and often lie about the product but it gets it sold and children continue to want them. Article 4 (miller) Qualitative Differences among Gender Stereotyped Toys: Implications for Cognitive and Social Development in Girls and Boys According to what the article stated it was suggested that the early play experiences of girls and boys may contribute to gender differences in cognitive and social development, empirical support for this hypothesis is limited. (Miller, 1987) Such as girls or boys knowing the gender differences of toys and classifying them in a
The second level which is known as the “conventional level” is associated with teen age group. Lawrence Kohlberg states that “young people lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms. In our activity, the young coworkers maybe in this stage of their moral development and may be socially aware of how their conversation may affect the people around them, but are still learning to conform to them in an act of social rebellion. Sigmund Freud had also developed 3 human personality models that can be applied to this activity. One of the three examples is called “superego”, this is attributed to cultural values and norms internalized by an individual.
Culture influences infant and toddler development in many ways, yet all children respond differently. Culture itself has so many possibilities that sometimes it is often hard to determine what within a culture does affect a child’s development. For example, a child may find the daily routine of traditional daycare to be invigorating. This could affect the child’s life beyond childhood leading them to becoming a very outgoing person who is actively involved in many group and other activities. A different child, in the same routine, may find it overwhelming and may grow up to avoid large groups, preferring a life path that is more secluded.
First-borns are often idolized by their younger siblings, despite rivalry which may arise. Adler also presented the view that middle-born children were the diverse ones. They had several personalities, the main two being insecure or timid, and laid-back or easy-going. Middle-born children are often made to feel insecure, as the fight for attention may set them back behind the first-borns, causing them to lack the drive and motivation to do certain things. Middle-borns often look for direction in their older siblings, as a way of feeling included.
In addition, Geizer states that this over structuring results “in kids who are dependent on constant direction. In other words, they have not learned to play by themselves or entertain themselves. They are always seeking entertainment. Our kids have become entertainment junkies.” In addition, academic studies have found that unstructured free play helps foster children’s critical thinking skills and their ability to self-direct. According to Karen Stephens, author of “Imaginitve Play in Childhood: Required for Reaching Full Potential”, children need a lot of unstructured play time in order to become fully achieving adults.
Often, we hear people say things like, “middle children are attention-seekers” or “last born children are always stubborn and spoiled”. These statements are often stereotypes and may even be insulting, but we cannot deny that they hold some truth. Birth order theory suggests that birth order can affect the developing personality of a child. Eldest children, youngest children, the middle child and only children fall into statistical groups with similar personality traits. Some experts believe that birth order is an important tool in shaping how you turn out as an adult.