However, if the rocks surrounding the river is permeable then the water will be able to percolate and it will travel slower, as groundwater-flow to the river, which will reduce the rivers discharge. Similarly to type of rock, the steepness of the mountain surrounding will also affect a rivers discharge because if the mountain is very steep the water will not have time to infiltrate down and consequently will travel as surface run off, decreasing lag time and increasing discharge. However, if the temperatures are high but not dry, then evapotranspiration will increase from plants and other vegetation, this therefore will reduce the discharge of a river as less water will be reaching the river. Likewise, an example of a human factor that can be changed to decrease discharge and stop flooding is the use of the land surrounding the river. If the
This flow expansion results in a decrease in the flow velocity, which diminishes the ability of the flow to transport sediment and eventually deposits. Over time, this single channel will build into the beginnings of a delta (a deltaic lobe), pushing its mouth further into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the gradient of the river channel becomes lower because the becomes longer but has the same change in elevation. Often when the channel does this, some of its flow can remain in the abandoned channel. When these channel switching events occur a mature delta will gain a distributary network.Most river deltas are very large, intricate, and fan shaped (much like Harry Potter’s broom and various species of fan coral).
Both runoff of fresh water from the land and rainfall may dilute water along the seashore. Alternatively, tide pools may become saltier than the sea because of evaporation during exposure at low tide. Both perturbations tend to increase in magnitude as height above the mean low tide line increases (Laboratory Manual for Principles of Biology, 1992). [pic] Figure 1. The marine intertidal zone.
The cross section helped to better understand the thickness, flow direction and distribution of the aquifer(s) within the mapping area. 3 river stream gages are placed in the stream in order to better understand the relationship between groundwater and surface water by giving quantities of discharge/recharge in cubic feet per second (cfs). Understanding the relationship between the groundwater and surface water gives aid for producing the potentiometric surface map which includes the gaining (effluent) and losing (influent) parts of the stream. Results Two aquifers were located, a confined and unconfined aquifer. The unconfined aquifer, or the upper aquifer, (see cross and contour map) consists of a predominately sand rich and partial gravel unit and is approximately 50 feet thick.
Case for critical thinking: A flood of decisions ------------------------------------------------- 1. What information sources (or potential information sources) could have been used to assist with the decision-making process for Wivenhoe Dam in this case? The information that could have been used to assist with the decision-making process for Wivenhoe Dam in this case is when the major flood of 1974 occurred. The floods that occurred in 1974 were devastating and the Wivenhoe Dam was built to augment Brisbane’s water supply and to protect Brisbane from flooding. 2.
Waste Management 457 Assignment #6 1. What are the most important components of a landfill? The most important components of a landfill are the cover and the bottom liner. These two components form the water tightness of the site which prevents the leachate from escaping and reducing the potential of negatively impacting human health and the environment. 2.
Behind the dam is a reservoir which can hold up to 22km³ of water, this act as a catchment are for flood water. In terms of its appropriateness it does have some positives to the strategy. This dam does protect villages and cities further downstream such as Wuhan and Nanjing because the reservoir acts as a catchment for flood water which can then be slowly released over a period of time through the dam. This means that in times of heavy rainfall large amounts of discharge which have a fast velocity cannot burst the river banks further downstream because the dam is reducing that velocity. This results in a lower velocity and less discharge of the river Yangtze which therefore leads to a reduction in flooding.
Waterfalls erode pretty fast. A river has a floodplain. A floodplain is the flat land along the river. Sometimes a river can flood, convening its floodplain. A river needs energy to do these things.
In addition, if the soil is already saturated with water, it cannot absorb much more, which leads to an increase in runoff. Land cover, such as vegetation or man-made surfaces, also affects the movement and infiltration of water. Water that doesn't infiltrate the ground is called surface runoff. When water flows over land, it follows a path to the lowest point, running down hills to creeks, streams, and rivers until it eventually reaches a sea or ocean. Rainwater and melted snow and ice that move too quickly to infiltrate the ground become runoff.
Technology and scientific advances, however, brought about an awareness of the need to examine this relationbship more closely and improve it – to the advantage of both organism and environment which includes physical factors called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical factors or components in the biosphere, which affect ecosystems. The abiotic factors include sunlight, air, temperature, pressure, mountain slope, soil, rainfall, land drainage, and atmosphere. These environmental factors interact with one another. For example, soil can be affected by heavy rains or floods.