Explain How the Chinese During the Ming Dynasty Commemorated Death in the Monumental Expression of Their Tombs Within the Urban and Natural Contexts of Beijing. Make Specific References to Their Spatial Relationships

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Feudalism and Confucianism has deep-rooted influence on ancient Chinese people for thousand years. In that system, it is generally believed that with age comes wisdom and status. As junior generations or lower classes, respect and submission must always be kept in mind and filial piety was deemed to be the most important of all virtues in China.These kind of rules were not only implemented before life but also after death. Chinese funeral culture emerged as the times required, which ruled detailed principle to build mausoleum and sacrifice the death. Due to rigidly hierarchical funeral culture, royal mausoleum were the most represented layout of commemorating death, lots of tombs were built as the dwelling for dead and altar for descendant to worship, and emperor tombs represent an especially significant symbol to commemorated death. This essay will take Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty especially Chang Tomb, Ding Tomb and Zhao Tomb as example to explain Chinese burial and memorial culture by indicating spatial relationships with the Forbidden City and the Altar of Heaven. Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty were a large group of tombs of the emperors of Ming Dynasty. Except the first emperor of Ming Dynasty was buried in Nanjing and few emperors during the discord times, most of the emperors followed YongLo emperor and buried in this area of ancestral grave. YongLo emperor, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, moved the capital to Beijing and ordered officials to build the Forbidden City as royal residence and find a “land of treasure” as royal cemetery. The choices of location of the Forbidden City and Tombs were strictly based on the geomantic theory, which also called Feng-Shui theory. Ancient emperors believed that only occupy the best position for both life and death, can make the country prosperous. The Forbidden City was built in 1406 and Chang Tomb,

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