in nature, the bacteria can transfer these plasmids from bacteria to bacteria, transfering those beneficial genes. this mechanism allows bacteria to adapt to new and foreign environments. the continuous resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is due to the transmission of these plasmids. Bio-Rads unique pGLO plasmid encodes the gene for GFP and a gene for resistance the antibiotic ampicillin. pGLO can also control the gene expression of this fluorecent protein.
3. Why is it necessary to make pure subcultures of organisms grown from clinical specimens? So that the organism can be identified and tested for antibiotic sensitivities. 4. What kinds of clinical specimens may yield a mixed flora in bacterial cultures?
Unknown Lab Report: Enterobacter cloacae Jessica Sainvil Professor Cupido Bio 253L1 Thu 9:30-12:30 Due Date: 12/6/12 Unknown#103 Introduction The bacterium Enterobacter cloacae isolated from the given #103 was a Gram-negative Rod. The purpose of this lab was to isolate and identify the genus and species of an unknown bacterium. It is important to identify an unknown microorganism because knowing how the bacteria work and how it is structured means knowing how it can affect humans. Unknown bacteria may also be used clinically many pharmaceutical drugs are based on products made by organisms (Katzung, B.G.2004). In order to identify the unknown organism a series of tests were performed.
Examine your living organism and determine if it is a bacteria, achaean or a eukaryote. At each step in classification, check the requirements for each category to determine where the species belongs. You then would begin to ask yourself a series of questions about the organism one question will lead to another. If the organism cannot be identified through the questions you will than need to do a gram staining process. You will look at the bacteria through a microscope exposing the bacteria's cell wall to two types of stains: a violet and a red one.
Conditions that must remain constant in this experiment include the temperature of the water baths and the volume of peas and beads in the respirometers. The general gas law states that if temperature and volume remain constant, then the pressure of the gas will change in proportion to the number of molecules of gas present. 2. Water moves into the respirometer pipettes because as oxygen is consumed by the peas, the pressure within the pipettes will decrease and thus the negative pressure will draw the water into the pipette. It is important to correct the readings from the peas because the glass beads are used as a control in which no changes should occur in CO2 and oxygen levels due to their abiotic nature.
Disease Yersinia pestis The Plague Jesus Urquijo Biology 113 Lab March 18, 2013 Microbes are what make the world what it is today. They are found in nearly every environment on earth. Each species has its own way of getting nutrients and adapting to its environment, such as pH, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and enzymes that are essential for optimum living. The majority of bacteria living on earth are harmless if not beneficial to the human race, but those few microbes that are harmful to humans are those that cause disease. They are referred to as pathogens and need to be observed so we can prevent the spreading of disease caused by those particular microbes.
In this experiment there were main 4 hypothesis made according to each agar plate each with a different types of genes on them. There are two genes that are on the agar plate and not in the solution it is the ampicillin and the arabinose genes. The ampicillin gene (amp) is a gene which acts like an antibiotic that kill the bacteria but when used with the pGLO plasmid it lets it survive because of the ampicillin resistant. The arabinose
Purpose In this lab we are trying to get a broader understanding of the transformation of bacteria by exposing them to pBLU plasmids. Introduction Transformation is the manipulation of a bacterial cell's DNA in order to alter the cell's genotype or phenotype by absorbing free DNA from its surroundings. This can result in a nonpathogenic bacteria becoming pathogenic by absorbing the DNA of a broken open or dead pathogenic bacteria. In our case it is taking in the pBLU plasmid. A plasmid is a spherical self-replicating DNA molecule that is not actually a part of the bacterial cell but can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome.
When a bacteria enters the body it has antigens on its surface that are recognised by the white blood cells. B-Lymphocytes then produce antibodies with complimentary shapes to the antigens, which bind to them. This is important our immune system to work and fight off
These being, E.Coli and S.Albus. Some of the developed antibiotics work on all forms of bacterial life, this means destroying of all bacteria it gets in contact with. Some act on a range of bacterial life, giving us the answers to which affect and do not affect the bacteria. Lastly some do not have any affect on the bacteria at all. In order to find out which antibiotics work on the bacteria, doing an agar plate test is the best way to get answers.