Quality Control for the Athenium Baking Soda Company A Self-Directed Experiment 16 April 2012 INTRODUCTION The Athenium Baking Soda Company has begun producing baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydrogen carbonate). NH4HCO3 + NaCl ==> NaHCO3 + NH4Cl Due to the high concentration of the brine solution that is used to generate the product, contaminants are often present in the finished product as chloride compounds. The contaminants may be detected when the finished baking soda product is dried and filtered. PURPOSE: In this experiment, we will be employing quality control by analyzing the composition and purity of the contaminated baking soda samples. To perform this experiment, we will utilize emission spectra, titrations, and thermal gravimetric analysis, using knowledge from Experiments 10, 4, Titrations of Na2CO3 and NAHCO3 by HCl (hydrochloric acid) will be performed to determine the concentration of HCl, as well as the number of moles of HCl present within the sample of baking soda.
Quality Control for Athenium Baking Soda Company Introduction In this experiment, we will be using thermal gravimetric analysis (experiment 4) and HCL titration (experiment 12) to determine the percentage of NaHCO3 (baking soda) in the sample given. We will also be using emission analysis for group IA and IIA salts (experiment 10) to determine the impurities present. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the purity of a sample of baking soda given us by the Athenium Baking Soda Company. We will First determine the percentage of baking soda and then determine whether it contains particulates of CaCl2, LiCl, of KCl for the purpose of seeing whether it is pure and useable or not (the quality of the baking soda). We are performing the experiment to gain our spots on the team of quality control for the Athenium Baking Soda Company.
In order to ensure quality control for the Athenium Baking Soda Company’s product, we will select three methods of experimentation to determine the purity of its baking soda, as well as its composition. The first experimental procedure to take place will be a thermal gravimetric analysis, which will help determine the percent composition of sodium bicarbonate of a sample of the company’s baking soda. In this experiment, a known mass of a sample of the company’s baking soda will be added to a crucible and heated until it decomposes into solid sodium carbonate, gaseous carbon dioxide, and gaseous water, as shown in the following equation: 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) After a reheating of the crucible to ensure accuracy, the stoichiometric ratio for the mass loss of CO2 and H2O per gram of NaHCO3 will be determined, along with the total mass of CO2 and H2O lost upon heating. These will be used in order to determine 3 the mass of NaHCO3 present in the sample. Finally, using the collected data, the percent by mass of NaHCO3 in the company’s
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to measure the rate of increase (slope) of the water given two different starting points to the boiling point of 212 degree Fahrenheit in the span of time. The rate of increase in water temperature as it is heated given all control variables are the same such as one quart aluminum pot holding three cups of refrigerate and room temperature water. The study is to conduct weather if both types water will have the same slop of increase. Procedure: The first step was to fill a jug full of water and leave it in the fridge to cool down overnight and another jug full of water so that it becomes part of room temperature. Before the experiment, take out the fridge water and measure out three cups and pour it into the one quart pot and measure the water temperature before placing it on the stove.
Lab 4: Determination of Percent by Mass of the Composition in a Mixture by Gravimetric Analysis Introduction Thermal gravimetric analysis is used to determine the percent by mass is used to determine the percent by mass of a component in a mixture. When a mixture is heated to an appropriately high temperature, one component in the mixture decomposes to form a gaseous compound. The mass of this particular component is related to the mass of the gaseous compound. In this experiment, the percent by mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) in a mixture will be determined. Experimental First, we weighed 2 samples, each has 1 gram of NaHCO3-KCl mixture Second, we put the samples in 2 crucibles (A and B) and weighed them.
TITRATION OF AN ACID (A PREPARED STANDARD SOLUTION OF KH₅O₄C₈) AGAINST A BASE (NAOH) USING PHENOLPHTHALEIN AS AN INDICATOR BY GRACE The aim of this experiment is to prepare a standard solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KH₅O₄C₈) and then use it to calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titrating the acid (KH₅O₄C₈) against the base (NaOH). Before the whole experiment could take place, some apparatus were needed which included the following; A weighing balance, burette, pipette, a conical flask, clamp and then the setup was as below; THEORY To calculate for the moles of KH₅O₄C₈, I used n (mol) =m (g)/M (gmol⁻ⁱ (JOHN GREEN AND SADRU DAMJI, PG 6 OF CHAPTER 1.THIRD EDITION). Whereby m=mass of the acid, M=molar mass of the acid and n=number of moles. Molar mass of KH₅O₄C₈ is 204.1g/mol and its mass is 1g Therefore=1g/204.1gmol⁻ⁱ n=0.0048996mol Further more, to calculate for the concentration of the acid, I used C(moldm⁻3.) =n (mol)/v (dm3) Whereby c=concentration, n=number of moles and v=volume used.
One of the applications of Hess' Law is to determine the enthalpy change for a reaction by combining other reactions to get the desired reaction, then combining the enthalpy changes for the reactions to get delta H for the reaction under consideration. An exothermic enthalpy change is always Assessed Practical: Planning Introduction: The aim of this experiment is to find the enthalpy change for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate. 2NaHCO = Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Using the enthalpy change of the following reactions. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate: NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + CO2 + H2O Sodium carbonate: Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Apparatus Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium carbonate Polystyrene Cup x 2 Measuring cylinder 50cm³ x 2 Weighing scale Weighing boats Thermometer degrees Spatula HCl acid 2M Prediction Background Information Hess' Law states that the enthalpy change for a reaction is the same whether the reaction occurs directly or in steps. This is a direct consequence of the fact that enthalpy, is a state function.
This standardized solution of sodium hydroxide can then be used to determine the concentration of acid in the sample of gastric juice. Acid-base titration is when a titration is carried out with a known volume of a strong acid which in this case is HCl, of unknown concentration, with a standard solution of a strong base NaOH. The reaction taking place is: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) A titration can be used to find the concentration of an acid in gastric juices because the acidity in the gastric juices is mainly caused by hydrochloric
We are looking to find wether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Experiment 2: the aim for this experiment is to record the pH level of a sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid reaction. Then record it into the graph, it should resemble the standard neutralization curve, as shown under the introduction. Materials: what you will need for both experiments: Experiment 1: ➢ 20g baking soda ➢ 20g citric acid ➢ 2 cm strip of magnesium ➢ 50 ml of 5M HCl acid ➢ 50 ml measuring cylinder ➢
According to Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., contributor at About.com Chemistry, both baking soda and baking powder are leavening agents, which means they are added to baked goods before cooking to produce carbon dioxide which causes the baked goods to 'rise'. When added or removed to cookie recipes, baking soda or baking powder will cause cookies to either be flat and crispy or light and fluffy. This research project will attempt to show the effects of omitting baking soda when baking chocolate chip cookies. The independent variable for this science project is the omission of baking soda.i According to Gwen Bruno, contributor at Livestrong eHow Health, baking soda increases the spread of cookie dough in the oven, which may be good for certain types of cookies such as chocolate chip. The spreading occurs because baking soda increases the dough's pH level and weakens both the gluten and egg protein structure.