More than anyone, a boy needs his father to approve of him and teach him how to be a man. Well, his father did not show him the love he required growing up. In all of Paul’s efforts to please his father, he was ignored and inadequate to his father’s expectations. In fact, his father praised a young man that worked as a clerk and insisted that Paul ought to be more like that gentleman. His father refused to give Paul money and argued that he has a job, so he can pay his own expenses.
The explanation suggests that the primary caregiver is responsible for helping the infant overcome its anxieties and if the care is inadequate then a child will not develop a proper sense of self. Therefore during adolescence when threats to the self occur the symptoms of schizophrenia begin to develop. However, the psychodynamic explanation to schizophrenia has many problems, for example: Freud claimed that schizophrenia is caused by over-whelming anxiety and is a defence mechanism involving regression into an early stage of development. Freud suggested that one of the positive symptoms of the disorder, hallucinations are the ego’s attempt to restore contact with reality. However there isn’t any research evidence to support Freud’s theory and psychoanalysis is not an effective treatment for schizophrenia suggesting that the psychodynamic theory does not explain the causes of schizophrenia.
For Erikson, identity development of the individual depends on society; personality grows under the influence of parental and social attitudes – affected by the historical period. Identity means to feel belonging to group ideals. An over identification with groups can lead to the defence against identity loss can produce clannishness and intolerance. Erikson used clinical and naturalistic observations, analyses of biographies for research and own experience and developed an eight stages theory. Influenced by Freud, he suggested that people run through the different stages on their way to their own identity; beginning at birth and ending in the late adulthood.
Bowlby's aim was to discover the consequences of difficulties in forming attachments in childhood, and the effects this would have on an infant's later development. Drawing on much work in the psychoanalytic literature, such as that of Freud and Harlow, Bowlby formulated the idea that infants develop a close emotional bond with an attachment figure early in life, and that the success or failure of this earliest of relationships lead the infant to form a mental representation that would have profound effects on their later relationships and their own success as a
Describe and discuss the psychodynamic approach, refer to evidence in your answer. Freud’s psychodynamic approach is about the influence of unconscious childhood behaviour and experiences that determined our adult behaviour later on in life. This has many different features being the psychosexual stages, personality and defence mechanisms. Freud suggests that particular features of this approach will have a large effect on behaviour in later life such as sexuality, cleanliness and habits. Freud’s approach of the psychosexual stages suggested development unconsciously takes place at different stages, conflict to overcome at the stage or result of failure concludes in fixation at that certain stage having an influence on adult behaviour.
One lens to view Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is the psychoanalytic lens. This perspective, influenced greatly from the works and thinking of Sigmund Freud, stems from the idea that much of our desires, fears, and motives come from our unconscious. He postulated that most of these desires are repressed by the consciousness to reduce anxiety and dissonance, and emerge only in the disguised forms of dreams, language, and art. One of the most commonly repressed feelings, which Freud called the Oedipal complex, is the boy’s psychosexual desires towards his mother and his jealousy towards his father. According to Freud, the boy must identify with his father in order to resolve the “oedipal crisis” and develop into an adult with a healthy identity.
Throughout many articles, discussion took place around the idea that traumatic events such as sexual assault, mental, emotional and physical assault impacted what a person could remember of their childhood and more specifically of their earliest memory. Because of the negative memory associated with these assaults, the retrieval of particular memories would be difficult if not impossible for children and/or adults to remember
Traub (2009) discusses the reliability of Dissociative Identity Disorder identification and categorization. Many believe that the DID is a symptom after a traumatic event, he states that “… the disorder is a defensive response that results naturally from continuous and tremendous childhood trauma, particularly from physical and sexual abuse” (Traub, 2009, p. 348). He talks about different sections, addressing whether Dissociative Identity Disorders are reliable diagnosis.. In the category of childhood trauma, Traub (2009) talks about how many psychiatrists believe the cause of many of the DID cases are due to trauma when they were children, especially in those that deal with an accumulation of traumatic events. People that advocates for DID states that it is necessary for childhood trauma to be predecessor and cause of this particular disorder.
Describe and evaluate the psychodynamic approach Psychodynamic psychologists assume that our behaviour is determined by unconscious forces of which we are unaware. Each manifest (surface) thought, utterance or behaviour hides a latent(hidden) motive or intention. The latent motives for our behaviour reflect our instinctive biological drives and our early experiences, particularly before the age of five. Most particularly, it is the way we are treated by our parents as children that shapes our adult behaviour. Sigmund Freud developed an approach on abnormality that highlighted how human personality and psychosexual development in childhood can cause abnormality.
Biff didn't have the same drive that Cory had but he still loved the game, it was a lot easier for him to be more interested in football when he had the support from his father. Cory and Biff both wanted to make something of themselves through football. This never happened for either of the boys because Cory's father wouldn't sign papers for a recruiter that came all the way from North Carolina just to see Cory, as for Biff he never passed his math class which kept him from graduating. Even though the boys didn't make a career for themselves out of football they both still treasured the sport, maybe even more than their own father. Cory and Biff both had unusual fathers.