In the article “No Babies?” by Russell Shorto, he discusses how the population in Europe is declining drastically. He discusses how the birthrate has dropped drastically from 6.0 to 2.9 today. He discusses how the birth to death rate is very unbalanced as well, which is a result of the declining population. He takes in to consideration how the European population worldwide will decrease from 12.5% to only 5%. He discusses how it is feared that the European culture will be lost due to the fact that the majority of the European population is mainly made up of older generations and few younger.
“With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline.” (40) Urban decline has been triggered by a number of factors including deindustrialisation, which began in 1967 in the UK. Urban regeneration schemes including enterprise zones, UDCs and Partnerships have been put in place in order to combat the causes and consequences of urban decline, and improve the areas suffering most from its effects. Enterprise zones were set up to stimulate growth in areas of high unemployment while UDCs are property-led regeneration. Partnerships were introduced later on in order to address some of the weaknesses of earlier schemes. In this essay, I will evaluate the success of these programmes in their attempt to regenerate areas badly affected by urban decline.
Research and Development has been eliminated completely since last year. In the minutes of the meeting on June 30th, Mr. Lancaster said the quality of shoes was too high and people were not buying replacements fast enough. He therefore had Research and Development eliminated that year, and has used the space for a gym. Also in the minutes to the June 30th meeting, telephone and postage expenses are down as expected due to increased use of email.
The UK government in recent years has had to resort to financial cutbacks due to the recession, especially funds for the public services. This had has a large impact on the public services, majority of them being negative. An example could be there have been many Fire station closures within the UK. The fire service in recent years has vastly improved, this can be show by the number of fires is annually decreasing. This means the government does not see the need to have as many fire men/women and therefore made many redundant and closed down fire stations in order to save money.
This gradual decrease in power slowly sucked the life out of the city of Brugge until it reached a point of desperation and poorness in the 18th century (Lonely Planet). The fall of Brugge happened due to three things; the silting of the Zwin canal around 1500, the rise of Antwerp as a successful maritime trader in 1510, and the Protestant Reformation in 1580. These events forced Brugge to step into the shadows of surrounding cities and become a shell of great trading and information city it once was. Of all the causes of Brugge’s downfall, the silting of the Zwin canal was the most influential. The Zwin canal was Brugge’s lifeline, being that it was Brugge’s connection to the sea.
Exam Question 1 Deprivation is the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society. A key statistic that stands out in the data is that Liverpool has 50% of very high levels of household deprivation. This shows that the biggest need for regeneration is in Liverpool by far. The deprivation in Liverpool could be due to the industrial decline suffered in Merseyside during the 1980’s. When a city suffers an industrial decline, there is often a rise in unemployment, and there will also be a lot of derelict and unused land left behind.
‘Cruise tourism is the fastest growing segment of leisure tourism’ (Klein 2011:107). Between 1980 and 2010, the cruise industry has seen a passenger growth rate of 7.5% on average per year and in 2010 it’s estimated that 15 million passengers took a cruise of 7.2 days average length (Cruise Lines International Association, 2011). Klein (2011), states that with such rapid growth there are concerns for the impact on the environment, local economies in popular ports and on the sociocultural nature of communities. This paper will seek to examine these impacts and the development and structure of the cruise industry as it stands today. Cartwright and Baird (1999) reveal that in 1801 the first steam driven ship commenced service in Scotland and over the following years wooden steam ships were used only for short journeys.
The decentralisation of retailing and other services has had a major impact on urban areas. To what extent do you agree with this statement? The decentralisation of retail and other services in the central business district is the movement of the retail and service sector from in the CBD to outside of the city centre. The city centre is currently facing the movement of people who live in the city centre through counter-urbanisation and sub-urbanisation where people move from the city centre to the suburbs or even the country side to escape from the negative connotations that the city centre has. The city centre councils have realised that there has been a decline in the city centre and urban decay has began, so the city centres have started to move back.
The Developing Economies, XXXIII-2 (June 1995) URBANIZATION IN CHINA REEITSU KOJIMA INTRODUCTION C process of urbanization followed its own peculiar pattern until the early 1980s due to the government’s strict regulation of intra-country migration. During the latter half of the 1950s, the government closed the labor market and placed strict controls on the movement of people from rural to urban areas. During the next two decades China’s citizens lost the freedom to choose and change their occupation and residence. These controls began to slacken from the early 1980s as the people’s commune system was phased out. In the mid1980s the labor market was virtually reconstituted, and though regulation of migration still exists, the actual pattern of population movement has increasingly begun to resemble that of other developing countries.
To Scargill’s disappointment, taking charge over the Trade Unions, she put forward the strike ballots to avoid workers from simply walking out of work in protest. The 1986 Big Bang and the deregulation of financial markets in the City of London only served to underline the demise of the trade unions. The end of nationalisation and the take-up of shares by workers in the newly privatised industries was a stark reminder of the shift that had taken place. Share ownership trebled in the Thatcher decade and so did the growth in home ownership after the sale of council houses, which completely revolutionized Britian at the time and enabled more and more people to purchase their own houses. By the late 1980s the all-out strike was history; no union could ask its heavily mortgaged members to