Isolation of Eugenol from Clove Buds using Steam Distillation Max Beard Abstract Eugenol – C10H12O2 The main volatile oil extracted from clove buds is eugenol. It is used in a variety of ways in traditional medicine and can be isolated successfully using a variety of methods. Isolation was performed using steam distillation. A 3.0% yield of eugenol oil was observed during the experiment. Introduction Eugenol is an essential oil with a formula of C10H12O2 and a member of the phenylpropanoid family.
Methyl salicylate, which making minty flavor in candies, is a major constituent of oil of wintergreen. It makes up over 90% of the oil from the wintergreen plant. Moreover, methyl salicylate has two functional groups that are important in this experiment; one is the ester group and the other is the phenol group. The ester group of methyl salicylate can be converted into a carboxylic acid by base-promoted hydrolysis. In this experiment, the salicylic acid is insoluble in cold water and can be collected by vacuum filtration.
Limonene, the chief component of orange oil, is widely used as a fragrance and flavoring, as well as a cleaning solvent. Limonene, a naturally occurring hydrocarbon, is a cyclic monoterpene, a class of natural products biosynthesized by the assembly of isoprene units into various structures. Many terpenes are responsible for the odors of plants like eucalyptus, pine, mint, lavender, rose, and others. Organic chemists use terpenes and other natural products as chiral starting materials for complex chemical syntheses or as inspirations for pharmaceuticals. Some natural products are attractive synthetic targets because of interesting or unusual structural features or medicinal applications.
Experiment #9 Youngju Jeon With Tenzin Yingsal &Maria Sedrak November 13 Cyclohexene from Dehydration of Cyclohexanol 08 Fall Introduction: Dehydration of an alcohol to give alkenes is important transformation and is an example of elimination reaction. Strong mineral acids such as sulfuric a phosphoric acid catalyze the reaction (Wade, L. G. ). Dehydration of an alcohol can follow either the E2 or E1 mechanism. However, in each case, acid is required as a catalyst, because OH- is a strong base, it is a poor leaving group. But HOH is a weaker base, and better leaving group.
Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Abstract The goal of this lab was to dehydrate 2-Methylcyclohexanol to obtain a cyclohexene using a concentrated acid. The percent yield for the final product was 69.6% and both saturation tests were positive for the presence of a double bond. The IR spectroscopy produced peaks between 1400 and 1600 cm-1, which suggests the presence of C=C double bonds. Introduction In this lab an alcohol is dehydrated using concentrated phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The acid protonates the hydroxyl group, which creates water, a good leaving group.
Therefore, acetic acid was used for this experiment. It reacted with the sodium hypochlorite to give hypochlorous acid, which thenreacted with the oxygen of the alcohol. Steam distillation was used to isolated product, and then was extracted into the distillate with ether with the addition of dying agent calcium chloride. Finally, the ether was removed to get the product, cyclohexanone with the "salting out" process. The process of salting out was used to separate cyclohexanone from the aqueous solution to purify the product.
Experiment 5: Preparation of Cyclohexene- Acid Catalyzed Elimination of Cyclohexanol Ball State University Organic Chemistry Lab 231 (Sec. 5) Dr. Bock/Daniel Miller Tiffany Raber 5 November 2012 Purpose: To prepare an alkene by an elimination reaction of an alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst to produce a successful yield and desired results for the purity of the alkene. Introduction: The dehydration of an alcohol such as cyclohexanol is a useful technique for generating alkenes. The success of this reaction relies on a dehydration, such as the presence of a strong acid (sulfuric acid). Because this reaction is reversible, a fractional distillation is necessary to produce cyclohexene, water, and some impurities and a simple distillation is followed to further purify the product.
Purpose: The reduction of carbonyl compounds is an important synthetic method to create alcohols. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by a variety of reagents to yield their respective alcohol products. Among the most useful reagents for accomplishing these reductions are the complex metal hydrides such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4 or LAH) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4). LAH and NaBH4 differ in their reactivities towards different classes of carbonyl compounds. LAH is highly reactive and will reduce acid chlorides, esters, carboxylic acids, amides, and nitriles as well as aldehydes and ketones.
* Reagents : most commonly the base would be the alkoxide, R'O- * The reaction involves an ester enolate reacting with another molecule of the ester. * Remember enolates are good nucleophiles and the ester carbonyl C are electrophilic. * The products of these reactions are ketoesters which are important, useful synthetic intermediates. * Note that the product is the original ester with an acyl group added i.e. an acylation reaction has occurred.
The extent to which a substance dissolves is a characteristics property of the substance is called the solubility. White vinegar (actually clear vinegar) is made from allowing a distilled alcohol to under go acid fermentation. During the process of the baking soda, salt, and sugar, oxygen which combined with chemicals in a substance in a way that reduces the atom content of the substance. White vinegar is an aqueous solution of about 5% acetic acid, which is a common constituent of most of the canning and picking activities. The ingredients in white vinegar are mainly comprise acetic acid; one of the most important sources is corn or rice.