Historical development to the present day . The people influential in its development Dr Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) and American Psychologist was the founder of Person Centred Counselling back in the 1950’s born in Oak Park Illinois. Rogers attended Teachers College at Columbia University where he engaged in child study. In 1930 Rogers served for the society for the prevention of cruelty to children in Rochester; where he went on to write The Clinical treatment of the problem child (1939), which was based on his experience in working with children. With the years’ experience of working with troubled children, Rogers was influenced in constructing his client-centred approach by the post-freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank.
According to Bowlby, “Mother love in infancy is just as important for a child’s mental health, as vitamins and minerals are for physical health” Discuss this quotation in relation to relevant attachment research and theory. Contained within the above topic that our discussion will address, is a quote from psychologist Dr John Bowlby. It originally appeared in a World Health Organization (WBA) commissioned report that was written by Bowlby in 1951. Bowlby also had his findings published in paperback form, which was titled ‘Maternal Care and Mental Health’. In which he offered his hypothesis on attachment and its importance between mother and child.
She developed on Bowlby’s IWM theory by looking at the individual differences on types of attachments that may be formed to the primary care-giver. Ainsworth looked at children’s behaviour during separation from their mothers, beginning in Uganda and a later study in the US Ainsworth developed the strange situation experiment as a standard test to measure attachment in children (Oates, 2005). From her results she discovered three main times of attachment. Secure, insecure (split into sub-categories) and absent (Oates, 2005). The way in which the child behaves during the strange situation is determined by the behaviour the care giver presents to the child.
She explains the typical behavior, starting from when they can imitate facial expressions at birth, and then proceeding to discovering and differentiating others’ and their own emotions. They go on to learning and perfecting the concept of hiding. Gopnik was able to experiment with kids in the different age groups and provides the results to back up her theories. Another significant point that was brought up was the comparison of the thought process between babies and scientists. Babies and scientists “think, observe, formulate theories, make predictions, and do experiments.
Robert Kegan was born on 1946; the Harvard psychologist first described his theory on social maturity in his 1982 book, The Evolving Self. This book contains the theory of how people become more socially mature as they get older. Kegan’s theory of adult cognitive development contains some of the same principles as Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When studying Kegan’s theory it is important to understand Piaget because as Mark Dombeck writes “the core ideas from Kegan's work are essentially Piaget's ideas which have been reworked, broadened and abstracted, and applied to the social realm” (Dombeck, 2007). As we move through developmental stages we become more subjective and less objective.
Treatment decisions are typically based on a number of different things, including the child’s age, the severity of the behaviors, and whether the child has a coexisting mental health condition.19 eAACAP on aacap.org Because childhood and adolescent mental illnesses are real, common, and treatable ODD: A Guide for Families n 9 Oppositional Defiant Disorder: A Guide for Families is adapted from the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’s Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The AACAP Practice Parameter was written to aid clinicians, child and adolescent psychiatrists, physicians, and other healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of children with ODD. This guide was adapted from the AACAP Practice Parameter in 2009. This publication is protected by copyright and can be reproduced with the permission of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. ©2009 The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, all rights reseved.
P1: Explain the requirements for two different careers in the health sector. Job description Child and adolescent psychotherapists offer psychoanalytic treatment to children and young people with emotional or behavioural difficulties, including: * * depression * anxiety * development delay * phobias * aggression * gender dysphoria * consequences of child abuse * self-harming * learning difficulties and disabilities * eating disorders * Psychosomatic disorders Child and adolescent psychotherapists are skilled in the assessment and treatment of children and young people, and are trained to carefully observe them and respond to what they might be communicating through their behaviour and play. They tailor their approach to the individual child and work in an age-appropriate way. Younger children, for example, may play with the toys provided or draw, whilst teenagers might talk about their feelings. Infants and parents are seen together so that their patterns of interaction can be considered.
The major areas of development include biological, cognitive and social and emotional development. Both of these psychologists were concerned with the study of understanding the area of cognitive development specifically in children and were considered to be constructivists. Constructivism is the theory in which “learners actively construct their own knowledge based upon the things they know now and have known in the past” (TFL resources, 2006). This essay will seek to compare and contrast the theories of psychologists Piaget and Vygotsky and will critically look at their theories to judge which aspects are appropriate for the long term. Jean Piaget focused his research on studying children and observing their thought processes.
In this paper Bowlbys theory ofattachment and child care will be outlined along with additions from othertheorists such as Rutter and Ainsworth. From this we will see how the evolutionof the family unit since 1950s has been affected by such theories along withwelfare policy and social theorists which have influenced family life and childcare practices in the UK. Bowlby described attachment as thebond that develops between a baby and its primary caregiver. It ischaracterised by the interaction patterns which develop in order to fulfil the infants'needs and emotional development. Bowlby noted the apparent distress in childrenseparated from their mothers in unusual circumstances e.g.
Belonging is an intrinsic human desire that motivates individuals to actively pursue it. Unfortunately barriers exist that make the attainment of belonging seemingly impossible to certain individuals. The challenge is to accept these obstacles, forge through them and strengthen your sense of belonging beyond its original state. Belonging is an innate part of the human psyche and we are all impacted either positively or negatively reflective of whether or not we belong. The relationships we share with those around us can either hinder or support this emotional state.