high melting point, hard, brittle, slightly soluble in water, conductor of electricity when melted or in solution Molecular solid - crystalline solid that has molecules arranged in a particular configuration. low melting point, generally insoluble in water, nonconductor of electricity. Metallic solid - crystalline solid that has atoms of metals arranged in a definite pattern. low to high melting point, malleable, ductile, conductor of electricity, insoluble in most solvents. Lesson 13.6 Changes of physical state: * necessary to draw a temperature-energy graph to see the change in temperature with a constant application of heat Heat of fusion - the amount of heat required to melt 1.00 g of substance.
An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is reacted with an aqueous solution of calcium chloride. Identify the solid in the balanced equation. A) Na2 CO3 B) CaCl2 C) NaCl D) CaCO3 E) There is no solid formed when the two solutions are mixed. ____ 12. An aqueous solution of potassium chloride is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium nitrate.
Therefore, according to Hess’s law, the heat of reaction of the one reaction should be equal to the sum of the heats of reaction for the other two. This concept is sometimes referred to as the additivity of heats of reaction. The primary objective of this experiment is to confirm this law. The reactions we will use in this experiment are: 18 - 1 Computer 18 You will use a Styrofoam cup in a beaker as a calorimeter, as shown in Figure 1. For purposes of this experiment, you may assume that the heat loss to the calorimeter and the surrounding air is negligible.
For one mole of gas, the difference between Cp and CV is the constant R (R is the so called universal gas constant) and represents the capacity of the gas to perform expansion work at constant applied pressure. {Cp = CV+R for an ideal gas} Since, for solids and liquids, the constant pressure and constant volume Heat Capacities are the same, the subscript p or V on the 'C' is usually dropped. Q = m C DT This means that the proportionality between the Heat flow into (or out of) an object and the Temperature change of that object is the total Heat Capacity, which can be expressed as a molar property or per mass. if m is moles and C is molar Heat Capacity if m is mass (grams) and C is the Specific Heat Q is positive for a temperature increase because the system has undergone an endothermic change of
By losing those electrons, these metals can achieve noble-gas configuration and satisfy the octet rule. When you have two atoms that are both nonmetals its a Covalent Bond. Covalent bonds are formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of bonding electrons. The electronegativities of the two bonded atoms are either equal or the difference is no greater than 1.7. As long as the electronegativity difference is no greater than 1.7, the atoms can only share the bonding electrons.
[1] Since first-law energy is always conserved, it is evident that free energy is an expendable, second-law kind of energy that can perform work within finite amounts of time. Several free energy functions may be formulated based on system criteria. Free energy functions are Legendre transformations of the internal energy. For processes involving a system at constant pressure p and temperature T, the Gibbs free energy is the most useful because, in addition to subsuming any entropy change due merely to heat, it does the same for the pdV work needed to "make space for additional molecules" produced by various processes. (Hence its utility to solution-phase chemists, including biochemists.)
Calculations involving the Mole, Avogadro’s Number, Molar Mass, Mole-Mole and Mass-Mole calculations in chemical equations. Combustion analysis and calculation of empirical and molecular formulas from composition analysis. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Precipitation reactions and solubility rules. Writing balanced molecular equations and net ionic equations.
Normally, net diffusion of both solute and water occurs until the concentration of water (and solute) is the same on both sides of the membrane (equilibrium). When the membrane is impermeable to solutes it creates a different result. In this situation, water diffuses from the side with lower solute concentration to the side with higher solute concentration. This continues until its concentration is the same on the two sides of the membrane. The movement of water leads to dramatic changes in the volumes of the two compartments.
Introduction: You are aware that sugar dissolves in water but oil does not. What factors determine whether one substance will dissolve in another? A solvent is a substance that is capable of dissolving other substances and forming a homogeneous mixture called a solution. The substance dissolved is called the solute and is the component present in the smallest amount. The dissolving process involves a consideration of the relative strength of three intermolecular attractive forces.
Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. 4. Describe the two categories used to classify physical changes. The two categories used to classify physical changes are reversible and irreversible. All physical changes that involve a change from one state to another are reversible.